tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16392090482901198072024-03-13T09:28:48.961-07:00Muslim BiographiesAll About Informations for Muslim Leader BiographiesPICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-90937158887313169892011-12-01T23:47:00.000-08:002011-12-01T23:47:30.066-08:00The causes of occurrence of chaos in the Government Uthman<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At first the reign of the caliph <b>Uthman</b> went smoothly. It's just a governor of Kufa, who named Mughirah bin Syu'bah fired by the <b>Caliph</b> <b>Uthman</b>, and replaced by Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas, on the basis of the Caliph Umar bin Khattab's will.</span></div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br />
</span></div><span lang="EN"><div style="color: #333333; text-align: justify;">Then he fired also some high officials and princes are not good, to facilitate arrangements, job chairs officials and princes were filled and replaced with the families, he is credible (have the ability) in the field.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br />
</span></div><span style="color: #333333; font-size: small;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Action which impressed him this nepotism, inviting protests from people who get fired, then came the hordes who dipimpim by Abdullah bin Saba 'who demanded that officials and the rulers are appointed by the Caliph Uthman was fired anyway. Proposals Abdullah bin Saba 'was rejected by the Caliph Uthman. At the time of the caliph Uthman ibn Affan's flow was Shia born and Abdullah bin Saba 'is referred to as the originator of the Shiite stream.<a name='more'></a></div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333; font-size: small;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Feeling hurt, Abdullah bin Saba 'and then make a great propaganda slogan in the form of anti Bani Umayyad, including Uthman ibn Affan. So many local residents who ingested incitement Abdullah bin Saba '. As a result, there came a large number (thousands) to the medina area residents who demanded the Caliph, the demands of many of these areas are not granted by the caliph, but the demands of Egypt, which is to dismiss the Governor of Egypt Uthman, Abdullah bin Abi Sarah, and replace it with Muhammad bin Abi Bakr.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333; font-size: small;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Because the Egyptian people's demands have been granted by the caliph, then they return to Egypt, but before they return to Egypt, they met someone who was known to carry a letter on behalf of Uthman ibn Affan. Contents are orders that the Governor of Egypt's old is sarah kill Abdullah bin Abi Abi Bakr Muhammad Governors (new governor) Therefore, they returned again to the medina to request a determination to kill the Caliph because they feel cheated.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333; font-size: small;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Having examined the letter, it was revealed that what makes the letter is Marwan bin Hakam. But they do the siege against the Caliph and requires two things:</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333; font-size: small;"><div style="text-align: justify;">In order to Marwan bin Hakam in qishas (penalty kill for killing people).</div></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: small;"><div style="text-align: justify;">In order to put the office of Caliph Uthman Caliph.</div></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: small;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Both charges are first, because the new Marwan planned to kill and have not really killed.While the demands of both, he adhered to the SAW Rasullulah message: "Behold, thou Uthman would wear oversized clothes. If you have worn it, do not disconnect "</div></span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: small;"><div style="text-align: justify;">After learning that the caliph Uthman did not want to grant their demands, then they move on him until the siege of forty days. The situation gets worse from day to day. His home is guarded by his friends, Ali ibn Talib, Zubair bin Awwam, Muhammad bin Talha, Hasan and Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib. Because tenderness and affection, he responded to it with siege siege-patient and polite speech.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333; font-size: small;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Until one day, without being noticed by guards his house, come in hordes head of Muhammad bin Abu Bakar (Governor of New Egypt) and killed Uthman ibn Affan, who was reading the Quran. In another report, mentioned that killing is Aswadan bin Hamrab of Tujib, Egypt. Another report says the killer is the son of Al Ghafiki and Sudan Hamran.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333; font-size: small;"><div style="text-align: justify;">He died in the year 35 H. Hajj the age of 82 years after serving as Deputy for 12 years. He was buried in Baqi cemetery in Medina.</div></span></span></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Source: http://halaqohdakwah.wordpress.com</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-2739727826175660652011-12-01T23:38:00.000-08:002011-12-01T23:38:40.344-08:00Uthman ibn Affan Time to the caliph's<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Uthman ibn Affan</b> became caliph on the basis of deliberations and decisions of the hearing committee of six, whose members are elected by the Caliph Umar bin Khattab before he died. The six member committee that was Ali ibn Abi Talib, <b>Uthman ibn Affan</b>, Abdurahman ibn Auf, Sa'ad bin Abi Waqas, ibn Zubayr and Talha bin Awwam Ubaidillah.</span></span></div><span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
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</span></span></span></div><span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Three days after the death of Umar bin Khattab, this six bersidanglah committee.Abdurrahman bin Auff start a conversation by saying who among them who are willing to resign. He then declared himself withdrew from the nomination. Three others followed.Stay Uthman and Ali. Rahman was appointed as the deciding factor. He then met a lot of people asking for their opinion. But public opinion was divided.<br />
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</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">That said, most people do tend to choose Uthman. Assembly decided Ustman as caliph.Ali had time to protest. Abdurrahman is Ustman law. They both Umayyad family. As for Ali, as Muhammad, is the family of Hashim. Since long time the two families compete. But Abdurrahman Ali assured that the decision was purely of conscience. Ali then accept that decision.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Then the caliph <b>Uthman ibn Affan</b> became the third and the oldest. At the time appointed, he has aged 70 years. This event occurred in the month of Muharram in 24 AH The announcement made after prayers at the mosque of Medina.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">It is time to khalifan the most prosperous and prosperous. It is said that the story until people pilgrimage many times. Even a slave sold in accordance according to weight scales.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">He was the first caliph who did the expansion of the mosque of al-Haram (Mecca) and Nabawi Mosque (Medina) because of the more crowded the Muslims who perform the five pillars of Islam (pilgrimage). He had the idea that police security for its people, make a special building for the court and try the case. This has never been done by the previous caliph. Abu Bakr and Umar bin Khattab usually try a case in the mosque.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">At the time, sermons </span></span><span class="hps" style="color: black;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: whitesmoke; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #333333;">Eid al-</span></span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: whitesmoke; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">Fitr</span> <span lang="EN">and Eid al-Adha prayer come before. So also adzhan first Friday prayers. He ordered the Muslims at that time to revive the vacant lands for agricultural interests.</span></div></span></span></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In his time, widen the expansion of Islamic power. For the first time, Islam has a formidable fleet. Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan who control parts of Syria, Palestine and Lebanon to build the fleet. About 1,700 ships used to develop the area into islands in the Mediterranean.Cyprus, Island Rodhes battered. Konstantinopelpun was surrounded.</span></span></div><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Achievements during his Caliphate, among others:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Conquer the Syrians, then lift Mu'awiyah as governors.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Conquest of North Africa, and raised Amr bin Ash as governor there.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Arjan and Persians conquered the region.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Conquest of Khorasan and Nashabur in Iran.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Extending the Prophet's Mosque, Medina and the Grand Mosque, Mecca.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Standardize and formalize the so-called Mushaf manuscripts Utsamani, the holy book the Qur'an which is used by all Muslims throughout the world today. Caliph Ustman make five copies of the Quran and Islam spread to various regions.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Every Friday he free a slave (if any)</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Source: http://halaqohdakwah.wordpress.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-36581094149454787202011-12-01T23:26:00.000-08:002011-12-01T23:40:11.779-08:00Uthman ibn Affan Biography<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Uthman bin Affan (around 574-656) are companions of the Prophet Muhammad SAW is the Rightly Guided Caliphs of the three. His full name was Uthman bin Affan Al-Amawi Al-Quarisyi, derived from the Umayyads. Born in the sixth year of the Elephant. About five years younger than the Prophet Muhammad SAW.</span></div><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
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</span></span></div><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">It is also called Abu Abdullah and gelarnya Dzunnurrain (which have two lights). Because digelari Dzunnuraian because the Prophet marry his daughter to Uthman two; Roqqoyah and Umm Kulthum. Umm Kulthum died, the Prophet said: "If we had a third daughter, would I nikahkan with you." From his marriage to Roqoyyah born son. But not until her son died when a large 6-year-old fourth Hijri.<br />
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</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Married eight women, four of them are Fakhosyah namely, the mother Banin, Ramlah and Nailah. From the marriage were born nine sons: Abdullah al-Akbar, Abdullah al-Ashgar, Amr, Umar, Kholid, al-Walid, Sa'id and Abdul Muluk. And eight daughters.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">His mother's name was Arwa bint Rabiah bin Kuriz. He converted to Islam on the invitation of Abu Bakr, that is, after Islamic Ali bin Abi Talib and Zaid bin Haristah. He is one great and main satusahabat Prophet Muhammad, and including also the as-Sabiqun al-Awwalin, namely those who were before Islam and believe.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Uthman was a rich merchant, but benefactors. He was a wealthy cloth merchant, this wealth he spent to get the pleasure of God, that is for the development of Islamic people and height. He has a wealth of cattle more than many other Arabs.</div></span><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">When the infidels doing torture Quarisy Muslims, then Uthman bin Affan ordered to migrate to Abyssinia (Abyssinia, Ethiopia). Follow also with his friend Abu Khudzaifah, Zubir bin Awwam, Abdurahman ibn Auf, and others. Then came the order for him to the Prophet migrated to Medina. But no longer think he leave wealth, commerce and domestic efforts to meet the call of God and His Messenger. He AH along with many other Muhajirin.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">In the event Hudaibiyah, Uthman sent by Abu Sofyan Rasullah to meet in Mecca. Uthman ordered the Prophet to be stressed that the delegation from Medina would only worship at the Kaaba, and immediately returned to Medina, not to fight the people of Mecca.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The atmosphere could not kenjung tense when Uthman returned. Muslims making a pledge Rizwan up - ready to die together to save Uthman. But the bloodshed does not end there. Abu Sufyan then sent Suhail bin 'Amir Muhammad to negotiate denganNabi. Results negotiations known as Hudaibiyah Agreement.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">When the Prophet was alive, Uthman was believed by the Prophet to be the mayor of Medina, during the times the department. First in war Dzatir Riqa and the second time, when the Prophet was at war Ghatfahan.</div></span><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Uthman Ibn Affan was a famous economist, but his social life high. He did not withhold issuing kekayaanya Religion and Society in the interest of the public.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">For example:</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">1. Uthman bin Affan buy wells with crystal clear water from a Jew worth 200,000 dirhams, which is approximately equal to two and a half pounds of gold at that time. The pit to the people he wakafkan public.</div></span><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">2. Expanding the Mosque of Medina and buy the land around it.</div></span><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">3. He donated 1000 camels and 70 horses, plus a 1000 dirham personal contribution to the battle of Tabuk, a value equal to one third the cost of the expedition.</div></span><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">4. In the reign of Abu Bakr, Uthman also provide for the transportation of wheat and 1000 camels to help the poor who suffer in the dry season.</div></span></span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Source: http://halaqohdakwah.wordpress.com</span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-45944185575396526122011-12-01T23:19:00.000-08:002011-12-01T23:19:19.297-08:00Prophet of Idris A.S.<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Idris or Prophet Idris a.s.</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">is one of the apostles who was the son of Adamwho first granted the right of prophecy by God after Adam was alone and Shiyth as (Setaccording to Jewish and Christian). In the Bible, Idris is known by the name of Enoch.</span></div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span lang="EN"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;">Prophet Idris is the sixth descendant of Prophet Adam, the son of Yarid Mihla'iel bin binbin Qinan Anusy bin Adam bin Shiyth who became the first descendant of the prophet who was sent after Adam and Shiyth. According to the book of commentary, he lived 1,000years after Adam's death.<a name='more'></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Prophet Idris was awarded skill in various disciplines, skills, and ability to create tools tofacilitate human work, such as the introduction of writing, mathematics, astronomy, and so forth. According to one story, there is a period when most men would forget God that Godpunishes man with a prolonged drought. Prophet Idris had intervened and pleaded withGod to end the sentence. God grant it, and ended with a marked dry season rainfall.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Prophet Idris expected to settle in Egypt where he preached to establish the religion ofGod, taught monotheism, worship and worship God and give some pendoman life for his followers to be saved from the doom of the world and the hereafter.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black;"><span style="color: #333333;">According to the book titled The Prophet of God Enoch: Nabiyullah Idris, Idris is the Arabicterm or name for Enoch, ancestor of Noah. He stated in the Quran as God's chosenpeople that He lifted her into the sky. Ibn Abi Hatim in his commentary narrated that the Prophet Idris died when he was in the fourth heaven accompanied by an angel. He liveduntil the age of 82 years</span></span>.</div></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Name of the Prophet Idris. the truth is 'Akhnukh'. Because he was named Idris, for his extensive reading, learning (tadarrus) the Book of Allah SWT.</span></div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br />
</span></div><span lang="EN"><div style="color: #333333; text-align: justify;">Every day the Prophet Idris qamis sewing (shirts), every time he put the needle to sew clothes, and he would like prayer beads. If the job is finished, then handed the clothes to people who book them without asking wages. Nevertheless, the Prophet Idris was still able to worship with the practice difficult to describe. So the Angel of Death is longing to meet with him.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br />
</span></div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Then the Angel of Death prayed to God, to be allowed to go to the Prophet Idris. After the greeting, Angel sat down.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Prophet Idris. have the habit of fasting all the time. When the break has arrived, then came an angel from heaven to bring food Prophet Idris, and he enjoyed the food.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Then he worshiped throughout the night. On a night the Angel of Death came to him, carrying food from heaven. Prophet Idris enjoy the food. Then the Prophet Idris said the Angel of Death: "O my lord, let us enjoy this meal together." But the angel refused.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Prophet Idris continued to extend his worship, when the Angel of Death with the faithful wait until the sun rises. Prophet Idris was surprised to see the attitude of the Angel.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Then he said: "O lord, will you walk with me to see the beauty of the environment? Angel of Death said: Well Idris O Prophet of Allah. "</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">So they see the environment with a variety of plants grow there. Finally when they arrived at a garden, the Angel of Death said to the Prophet Idris.: "O Idris, do you allow me to take this for my meal? Prophet Idris replied: Subhanallah, why last night you do not want to eat kosher food, and now you want to eat the forbidden? "</div></span></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Then the Angel of Death and Prophet Idris continued their journey. Not felt by them that they had a walk for four days. For their friends, the Prophet Idris find some peculiarities inthemselves the companions. All his actions differ from ordinary human nature. Finally, the Prophet Idris could not resist the desire that curiosity.</span></div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br />
</span></div><span lang="EN"><div style="color: #333333; text-align: justify;">Then he asked: "O lord, may I know who the real master? I am the Angel of Death. "</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br />
</span></div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">"Tuankah disconnect all working life of the flesh?" "Yes yes Idris."</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">"The gentleman with me for four days, do you also have to take a life-life of the flesh?"</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">"O Idris, a four-day lives of many that I disconnect. Spirit beings like a dish in front of me, I take them like a person being bribed-food bribe. "</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">"O, what is the purpose you came, what to visit or to take me?"</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">"I came to menziarahimu and God Almighty has allowed my intentions were."</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">"O Death, kabulkanlah one request to you, that is to take me, then you mohonkan to Allah to bring me back, so I can worship God When I felt the enormity of death."</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Death replied: "Surely I was not even a human life, but only with the consent of God."</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Then Allah revealed to the Angel of Death, that he take life as Idris. So dicabutnyalah Idrislives immediately. So the Prophet Idris felt at the time of death.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">At the time the Angel of Death saw the death of the Prophet Idris, then he wept. With griefhe prayed to God that God may bring back his friend. God granted his application, and the Prophet Idris was put on by God to return.</div></span></span></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Then the Angel of Death Prophet Idris embraced, and he asked: "O my brother, how do you feel the pain of death? When an animal skin dilapah when he was alive, the death penalty is a thousand times more sick of it. But the softness that I did to you, when I take a life master, I never did to anyone before you. O Death, I have another request to you, that I really desire to see the fire, so that I can worship Allah more, after I saw the fierce fires of hell. O Idris. I can not go to hell, if without the permission of God Almighty. "</span></div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br />
</span></div><span lang="EN"><div style="color: #333333; text-align: justify;">Finally, Allah revealed to the Angel of Death that he brought to the Prophet Idris in Hell. So they both go to hell. In Hell, the Prophet Idris. see all God created to punish his enemies.Chains like a hot, venomous snakes, when, the fire is burning, boiling lead, trees full of thorns, a boiling hot water and others.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333;"><br />
</span></div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Once you're satisfied to see the fire, they went back. Then the Prophet Idris. said the Angel of Death: "O Death, I had another intent, namely to help me bring into the Gardens. Until I can see nothing that has been prepared by God for his sweetheart. After that I was able to increase my worship to God. I can not bring you into heaven, without orders from God Almighty. "Answer Angel of Death.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Then Allah commanded the Angel of Death was that it brought to the Prophet Idris in the Garden.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Then the two of them, until they reach the gate of Heaven, and they stopped at the door.From there, the Prophet Idris had a view of the Garden. Prophet Idris can see all kinds of pleasures provided by God for the saints, guardian. The form of fruits, beautiful trees and flowing rivers and others.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Then the Prophet Idris said: "O my brother Death, I have felt the bitterness of death and I have seen the fierce fire of Hell. So you pray to God Shall me, that God allow me to enter Heaven to drink water, to soothe the pain and death and the terrible fire of hell? "</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Then the Angel of Death had prayed to God. Then God gave him permission to enter the Garden and then to get out again. Prophet Idris went into the Garden, he put his shoes under one of the tree of heaven, and he comes out again from Heaven. Once he was outside, the Prophet Idris said the Angel of Death: "O Death, I had left kasutku in Paradise.</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Angel of Death said: 'Enter Paradise, and take your shoes. "</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Then come the Prophet Idris, but he is not out yet, so the Angel of Death called him: "Yes Idris, come out!. Messenger of Death, because God has said, means:</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">"Every soul shall taste death."</div></span><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">(Ali-Imran: 185)</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">While I have tasted death. And God says:</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">"And no one, except it went to Hell."</div></span><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">(Maryam: 71)</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">And I have went to Hell. And the word of God again, which means:</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">"... And they will not be released from it (Paradise)."</div></span><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">(Al-Hijr: 48)</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Then Allah sent down revelation to the Death Angel: "Let him, because I have set in eternity, that it will reside in Heaven."</div></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="color: #333333;"><div style="text-align: justify;">He tells this story about the Prophet Idris to the Prophet, saying means: "And mention (O Muhammad to them, the story) Idris mentioned in the Quran. Indeed, it is a very justified and a prophet. And we raised him to high dignity. "(Maryam: 56-57)</div></span></span></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Source: http://hbis.wordpress.com</span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-8992785283729350062011-07-29T01:10:00.000-07:002011-07-29T02:05:58.462-07:00Prophet of Adam A.S.<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">After Allah created the earth with mountains, seas, oceans and plant vegetation, creating the sky with its sun, moon and the stars that shine creates a kind of angels are spirits created to serve a mediator between the Almighty with Substance servants, especially the apostles and prophets then came to Allah wills it to create another kind of creature that would inhabit, and fill the earth keep enjoying grown-vegetation, managing the wealth hidden in them and breed-hereditary heir inherits all time that have been destined for him. <br />
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<b>Concerns of Angels</b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span>The angels when informed by Allah of His will create other creatures, they fear that if God created the other creatures that, due to their negligence in worship and perform tasks or because of their offenses go unnoticed. They say to Allah: "O our Lord! Why would God create a creature other than us, but we always glorify, bertahmid, to worship and glorify thy name without stopping, being a creature of God will be created and sent down to earth , will undoubtedly quarrel with each other, kill each other would-kill scrambling to master the natural wealth that look on it and buried in it, so it will pass the damage and destruction on the earth that God created it. " <a name='more'></a><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
</span>Allah says, eliminates the concern of the angels: <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
</span>"I know what you do not know and I alone know the wisdom of the mastery of the Children of Adam on My earth. When I created him and breathed his spirit to, ye prostrate before the new creature as a tribute and not as a prostration of worship, because Allah SWT forbade his servants to worship his fellow creatures. " <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
</span>Then Adam was created by God from a lump of clay of black mud that dried and shaped. Once perfected form of creation God breathed spirit into it and stand it upright into the perfect human being. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span><b>Satan rebelled</b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span>Satan rebelled and reluctant to obey the commands of Allah like other angels, who immediately prostrate before Adam as a tribute to God's creatures will be given a mandate to rule the earth with all that lives and grows on it and buried in it. Satan felt himself a nobler, more mainstream and more glorious than Adam, because he is created from the fire element, is Adam from the soil and mud. Pride in its origins, makes him feel proud and bowing low to honor Adam as the other angels, although ruled by God. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span>The Lord said to Satan: "Does that stop you from prostrating to respect something that I created with my hands?" <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
</span>He said: "I am the more noble and superior to him. You created me from fire and created him from mud." <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
</span>Because of pride, arrogance and defiance do prostrations are ordered, then God punished Satan to cast out of heaven and expelled him from the ranks of angels, accompanied by curses and damnation that will be attached to him until doomsday. In addition, he declared the inhabitants of hell. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span>The devil boasted well received punishment from God and he only begged him given the opportunity for eternal life until the day of resurrection on the Day of Resurrection. God to grant his request and he ditangguhkanlah until the day of resurrection, not grateful and thankful for the provision of guarantees that, even otherwise he threatened to Adam's misleading, as for her expulsion from heaven and the issuance of the rows of angels, and will overtake the children of the offspring from every angle to persuade them to leave the straight path and with the path of the misguided, immoral and invite them to do things that are forbidden, tempting them to neglect the commands of religion, and persuade them to not be grateful and pious charity. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span>Then God said to Satan, the damned: <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
</span>"Go thou with followers-followers who will all be the contents of Hell and the fuel of hell. You will not be powerless to mislead my servants who have believed in me with all her heart and has a steady Aqeedah that will not be shaken by your line though you use all your ingenuity to incite and defame. " <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span><b>Adam Knowledge About Objects Names </b><br />
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God was about to eliminate the low assumption of angels to Adam and convince them of the truth of His wisdom appoint Adam as ruler of the earth, it was taught to Adam the names of objects in the universe, and then was exhibited the objects in front of the angels said, : "Try to mention to me the names of objects, if you really feel better to know and understand more than Adam." <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
</span>The Angels are powerless to meet the challenge of God to mention the names of objects that are in front of them. They admitted their lack of sanggupan by saying: <br />
"Thou Almighty! Surely we have no knowledge of anything except what God teaches us. Verily Thou art the All-Knowing and Wise." <br />
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Adam and commanded by God to tell those names to the angels and when notified by Adam, God said to them: "Did I not tell you that I know the secrets of heaven and earth and knows what ye reveal and what ye hide. " <br />
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<b>Adam Inhabiting Heaven</b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span>Adam was given a place by God in heaven and Eve were created to accompany him and be his friend, loneliness and complete eliminates the need to develop a hereditary nature. According to the story of the scholars Eve were created by God from one of Adam's rib is on the left at a time when he was still asleep so that when he awoke, he saw Eve was at his side. He was asked by the angel: "O Adam! What and who is a creature that is beside it?" <br />
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Adam said: "A woman." Keeping with nature that has been inspired by God to him. "What's his name?" asked the angel again. "Eve", Adam replied. "Why would God create these creatures?", Asked the angel again. <br />
Adam replied: "For being there, giving happiness to me and fill my life purposes in accordance with the will of God." <br />
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God commanded to Adam: "Abide thou with thy wife in Paradise, experience the pleasure that abound in it, feel it and eat the delicious fruit contained therein to your heart and your passions at will. You will not experience or feel hunger, thirst or tired while you're at it. But I remind you not to eat the fruit of this tree that will cause you harm and includes those who do wrong. Know that the devil is your enemy and the enemy of your wife, she will try to persuade you and drag you out of the happiness of heaven so there goes that you're enjoying this. " <br />
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<b>Devil INTO ACTION</b><br />
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In accordance with the threats uttered when expelled by God from heaven due to defiance and also motivated by jealousy and envy against Adam is the cause until he cursed and damned forever excluded from the throne of his greatness. Satan begins to show the draft penyesatannya to Adam and Eve who are living together in a peaceful heaven, peaceful and happy. <br />
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He told them that he was their friend and wants to give advice and guidance for good and perpetuate their happiness. All the way and fine words used by Satan to gain the trust of Adam and Eve that he was really honest in the advice and guidance to them. He is whispering to them that the prohibition of God to them to eat fruits that are appointed it is because by eating the fruit they will be transformed into angels and eternal life. Repeated-repeat persuasion to demonstrate the fragrance will smell that forbidden tree beautiful and delicious fruit shape. So in the end was taken in the subtle persuasion that Adam and Eve and God's prohibition is violated. <br />
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Allah denounced what they did and said that meant: "Did I not prevent you approach the tree and eat of its fruit and would not I have reminded you that Satan is a real enemy." <br />
Adam and Eve heard the word of God is Awake him that they had violated God's command and that they have committed a great error and sin. As I regret they said: "O our Lord! We have wronged ourselves and have broken thy commandments because Devil affected persuasion. Forgive us our sins as we will undoubtedly belong to the people who hurt when you do not forgive and love us." <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span><b>Adam and Eve were sending down to earth</b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span>God has accepted repentance of Adam and Eve and forgive offenses deeds they have done which has relieved their chest and eliminate the grief caused by negligence of the Lord's warning about Satan thus fall a prey to his persuasion and seduction are sweet but poisonous. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span>Adam and Eve was comforted after receiving God's forgiveness and then will keep not to be fooled again by the devil and will try to breach that has been done and the cause and the rebuke of God's wrath be teaching for them both to be more careful with guile and persuasion Satan who is accursed. Hope to stay on in heaven that has faded because of what God commands offense, revived in the hearts and minds of Adam and Eve who feel pleasure and happiness of their life in heaven will not be distracted by something and that God's blessings and abundant blessings will remain above their forever. But God has determined in his destiny that is not what occurred in the liver and is not thought of them. Allah SWT has determined the fate of his that the earth is full of riches for its management, will be controlled by the human descendants of Adam. God commanded Adam and Eve down to earth as the first seed of His servants who named the man. Then God said to them: "Get ye down to earth than most of you an enemy to some others you can remain and live there until the appointed time." <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span>Adam and Eve descended to earth to face a new way of life far different from life in heaven has ever experienced and that will not be repeated again. They have to live in this mortal world with the joys and sorrows of mankind and will lower its diverse nature and temperament of different skin color and intelligence of his brain. Mankind will be in groups into tribes and nations in which one becomes the other enemies to kill each other, killing each other, persecute and oppress oppressed so from time to time God sent His prophets and apostles His servants to lead him to the straight path of peace love among fellow human beings the way that leads to blessing and happiness of his people in the world and the hereafter. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
<br />
</span><b>The story of Adam in the Quran</b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span>The Quran tells the story of Adam in several chapters of which sura Al-Baqarah verse 30 to verse 38 and sura Al-A'raaf verse 11 to verse 25. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span><b>Teaching All There From the story of Adam</b><br />
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Behold the wisdom contained in the commandments and prohibitions of Allah and in what He created is sometimes not or can not be achieved by the human brain even by his nearest creature as has been experienced by the angels when told that God would create human beings - Adam's descendants to become caliph on earth so that they seemed to mind and wondering why and for what kinds of creatures God created other than those who had dutifully diligent worship, glorify, bertahmid and glorify His name. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span>That man, although he was given intelligence to think and physical and mental strength he still had some weakness in himself as the nature of neglect, forget and err. Things which have happened to Adam that although he has become a perfect human being and given a special position in heaven he is still not devoid of human nature is weak. He has been forgotten and neglected God's warning to him about the forbidden tree and the devil who becomes his enemy and the enemy of all his descendants, thus trapped into deceptive and there was a first offense committed by man against God's prohibition. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span>That someone who has already done vice and sin not he should despair of mercy and forgiveness of God as long as he is aware of his mistake and repent will not do it again. Rahmat Allah and His maghfirah can include all the sins done by his servant unless shirk no matter how big the sin as long as consciousness followed by repentance and recantation. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
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</span>Pompous and arrogant nature always brings a result of the loss and destruction. Look at the Devil who descended from his throne stripped down position as an angel and was expelled by God from heaven, accompanied by curses and damnation that will be attached to him until the Day of Judgement because of his arrogance and his proud with its origin, so he thought and looked down to Prophet Adam and refused to bowed his honor even though commanded by Allah SWT.</span></div><div></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-46698076345019243952011-05-19T01:53:00.000-07:002011-05-19T02:03:56.394-07:00Umar ibn Khattab Legacy<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Umar ibn Khattab Legacy</b>. Umar is regarded as one of the most influential figures in Islamic history. He was in a true sense the architect of the Islamic Empire. As a leader, 'Umar was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted. 'Umar was vigorous, robust and a very tall man, in markets he would tower above the people. The front part of his head was bald, always <i>A'sara Yusran</i> (working with two hands), both his eyes are black, with yellow skin, however, ibn Sa'ad in his book <i>The Book of the Major Classes</i><i>Tabaqat al-Kubra</i>) stated that he never knew that 'Umar had yellow skin, except if the people took into criterion a certain part of his life where his color changed because he always ate oil at that part of his life, Others say he has reddish-white skin. His teeth were <i>ashnabul asnan</i> (very white shining). He would always color his beard and take care of his hair using a type of plant.<a name='more'></a></span> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Humility</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In his book <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, Mufti Muhammad Mukarram Ahmed describes his journey to Jerusalem to take control of the city from the Byzantine Patriarch of Jerusalem Sophronius:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hadrat Umar (r.a.) appointed Hadrat Ali (r.a.) as his deputy and went to Jerusalem with his slave. They were having one camel on which each of them rode by turn. When Hadrat Umar (r.a.) was entering Jerusalem it happened to be the slave’s turn to ride on the camel. Though the slave offered his turn to the "Khalifah" but Hadrat Umar refused and remarked: "The honour of Islam (i.e., being Muslim) is enough for all of us." He entered Jerusalem holding the rope of the camel on which was riding his slave. His clothes were dirty and there were several patches on them.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In <i>The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>, Gibbon refers to Umar in the following terms:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Yet the abstinence and humility of Umar were not inferior to the virtues of Abu Bakr: his food consisted of barley bread or dates; his drink was water; he preached in a gown that was torn or tattered in twelve places; and a Persian satrap, who paid his homage as to the conqueror, found him asleep among the beggars on the steps of the mosque of Muslims.</i></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Political legacy</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar is considered as a political genius, as an architect of Islamic Empire he is regarded as 52nd most influential figure in history. Umar remained politically stagnant during Prophet Mohammad's era, however after his death, it was Umar's political brilliance that Abu Bakr was elected Caliph, despite of massive initial confrontations at Saqifah, Umar successfully broke the alliance of the tribes of Madinah who claim Caliphate to be their right, paving the way for the succession of Abu Bakr. During Abu Bakr's era, he actively participated as his secretary and main adviser. After succeeding Abu Bakr as caliph, Umar won over the hearts of Bedouin tribes by emancipating all their prisoners and slaves taken during Ridda wars, his excellent oratory skills helped him gain broader support among the poor and the underprivileged. He proved himself as a excellent manager during the year of the great Famine when his dynamic abilities saved millions from starvation. He is best known to build up an efficient administrative structure of the empire, that held together his vast realm. He organized an effective network of intelligence, partly a reason for his strong grip on his bureaucracy. His judicial reforms were fairly modern and advance in nature when compared to contemporary systems of his era. He opposed the construction of present day Suez Canal, as it posed threat to the security of Madinah. Twelve hundred years later Great Britain opposed the construction of the canal for the same reason as it then posed threat to its colonies in Indian Subcontinent.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">One of the reason of the compactness of his political rule in the conquered lands is reputed to his policy of tolerance to their religious beliefs and imposition of far lower taxes on them as compared to the Sassanid Persian empire and the Byzantine empire. Their local administration was kept un-touched and several of the former Byzantine and Persian official were retained on their services under Umar's governors. Umar was very painstaking in every matter. His meticulousness was evident from his appointment of governors and judges that never let him lose his grip on the government. He never appointed governors for more than two years, for they might get influence in their county. He dismissed his most successful general Khalid ibn Walid, due to his immense popularity and growing influence he feared that the Muslims might think it was Khalid who gave them victory not God. Rather than tenacious conquest he stressed more on consolidating his rule in the conquered land, a fact that saved Byzantine empire from complete disappearance. Umar is reported to have wished an official tour across his domain to personally examine the condition of his subjects. In 641, before the conquest of the Persian empire, Umar is reported to have said:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">If I would live few more years, I wish to visit Syria next year, then next Iraq and then the next year Egypt to personally check the conditions of the subjects and inquire whether my mandate is followed or not.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">At the time, Umar made this statement, Persia was not yet conquered (<i>conquest of Persia begun in 642</i>). He would walk the streets of Medina with a whip in his hand, and it is said that Umar's whip was feared more than the sword of another man. He is famous for covert night tours of the city to know the secret life of his domain, a tradition that was later followed by some of the Abbasid Caliphs and even Mughul rulers of Indian Subcontinent.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h4 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">Social justice and accountability</span></span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;"></span></span></h4><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Saeed M Mohtsham cites from Caliph Umar's rule in his research paper <i>Vision and Visionary Leadership – An Islamic Perspective</i>:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">"He used to monitor very closely the public policy and had kept the needs of the public central to his leadership approach. As second caliph of Islam, he refused to chop off the hands of the thieves because he felt he had fallen short of his responsibility to provide meaningful employment to all his subjects. As a ruler of a vast kingdom, His vision was to ensure that every one in his kingdom should sleep on a full stomach.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">If a dog dies hungry on the banks of the River Euphrates, Umar will be responsible for dereliction of duty.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">He also knew that just having a vision is not enough unless it is supported by effective strategies. He didn’t only have a vision; he truly transformed his vision into actions. For example, to ensure that nobody sleeps hungry in his empire, he used to walk through the streets almost every night to see if there is any one needy or ill."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Military legacy</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">It has been reported that Umar was a champion wrestler of his time, and though not distinguished as a swordsman, he would later attain prominence as a master strategist. Along with Khalid, he is said to be one of the key figures in the collapse of the Arabian rebellion, the greatest triumph of Abu Bakr. One of his greatest strategic marvels was his brilliant fission of Persio-Roman alliance in 636, when Emperor Heraclius and Emperor Yazdegerd III allied against their common enemy Umar. He was lucky in that the Persian Emperor Yazdegerd III couldn't synchronize with Heraclius as planned. Umar fully availed the opportunity and successfully tackled the minefield by straining the Byzantines to jump in the battle. This was contrary to the orders of Empreror Heraclius, who presumably wanted a coordinated attack along with the Persians. Umar did this by sending reinforcements to the Roman front with instructions that they should appear in the form of small bands, one after the other, giving the impression of a continuous stream of reinforcements that finally lured the Byzantines to an untimely battle. On the other hand Yazdegerd III of Persia was engaged in negotiations that further gave Umar time to transfer his troops from Syria to Iraq. These troops proved decisive in the Battle of Qadisiyyah. Both the battles thus fought proved decisive and are noted as two of the most decisive battles in history.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">His strategic dimensions were the prime reason of Muslim victory at 2nd Battle of Emesa in 638. Where the pro-Byzantine Christian Arabs of Jazira, aided by Byzantine Emperor, making an unexpected flanking movement and laid siege to Emesa (Homs). Umar's brilliance was behind this Muslim victory and was achieved without firing a single shot.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar's orders to invade the very homeland of the Christian Arab forces besieging Emesa, the Jazirah. A three prong attack against Jazirah was launched from Iraq. To further pressurize the Christian Arab armies, Umar instructed Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, commander of Muslim forces in Iraq, to sent reinforcement to Emesa, Umar himself led a reinforcement from Madinah and marched towards Emesa. Under this unprecedented press-gang, Christian Arabs retreated from Emesa before Muslims reinforcement could reach their. This incursion from Byzantines however resulted in Muslim annex Mesopotamia and parts of Byzantine Armenia.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nonetheless the greatest triumph of Umar remained Conquest of Persian empire. After years of non-offensive policy according to which Umar wished the Zagros Mountains to be the frontiers between Muslims and Persians, after Battle of Nahavand Umar launched a whole scale invasion of Sassanid Persian Empire. The invasion was a series of well coordinated multi-prong attacks that was based on the principle of isolating and then destroying the target. Umar launched the invasion by attacking the very heart of Persia aiming to isolate Azerbaijan and eastern Persia. It was immediately followed by simultaneous attacks on Azerbaijan and Fars. In the final secession Sistan and Kirman and captured thus isolating the stronghold of Persian, the Khurasan. The final expedition was launched against Khurasan where after Battle of Oxus riverCentral Asia. He founded the city of Cairo, conquered 36,000 cities or castles, and built 1400 mosques.</span> Persian empire ceased to exist, and emperor Yazdegerd III fled to </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Religious legacy</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h4 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Sunni views</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h4><h4 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Sunnis Muslims view him as the Second Rashidun and know him as Farooq the great. Sunni<i>Farooq</i>, meaning "leader, jurist and statesman", and the second of the rightly-guided Caliphs. He patched his clothes with skin, took buckets on his two shoulders, always riding his donkey without the saddle, rarely laughing and never joking with anyone. On his ring is written the words "Enough is Death as a reminder to you O' 'Umar". He did not seek advancement for his own family, but rather sought to advance the interests of the Muslim community, the <i>ummah</i>. The general Sunni sentiment for Umar is summarized by one of Muhammad's companions, Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud:</span> <b><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">remember Umar as a Strong Muslim of a sound and just disposition in matters of the religion of Allah, a man they title</span></b><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">.</span></h4><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar's submission to Islam was a conquest, his migration was a victory, his Imamate (period of rule) was a blessing, I have seen when we were unable to pray at the Kaabah until Umar submitted, when he submitted to Islam, he fought them (the pagans) until they left us alone and we prayed.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h4 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Shia views</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h4><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar is viewed very negatively in Shi'a literature and is regarded as a traitor to Muhammad, a usurper of Ali's rights, and a murderer. According to shia, his role during Muhammad's lifetime is questioned as he was not assigned to any civil or military authority. Some Shi'a writers have accused him of killing Muhammad's daughter Fatimah (see Fatimah's death). According to Shia Muslims, Fatimah, wife of Ali and daughter of Muhammad, was physically abused by him. These sources report that the event caused her to miscarry her child and eventually led to her death soon after. (see Umar at Fatimah's house).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar</span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-6627274077578614172011-05-19T01:39:00.000-07:002011-05-19T01:39:15.630-07:00Umar ibn Khattab: Assassination<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Umar ibn Khattab: Assassination</b>. In 644, at zenith of his power, Umar was assassinated. His assassination was carried out by a Persian, in response to the Muslim conquest of Persia. The assassination was planned several months earlier. In October 644 Umar went for Hajj in Mecca, the assassins started the hoopla of Umar's possible death that year, and the massive crowd of the congregation was used by the conspirators as a veil to hide themselves. It is related that when Umar stood at Mount Arafat he heard a voice saying:<a name='more'></a></span></h2><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">"O Caliph, never again will you stand on the Mount of Arafat".</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">A companion of Umar, Jabir bin Mutaam is reported to have said:</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">We saw a man standing at the top of the hill and crying 'Verily that is the last Hajj of Umar. He will never come here again."</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">During one of rituals of Hajj, the Ramy al-Jamarat (<i>stoning of the Devil</i>), some one threw a stone on Umar that wounded his head, a voice was heard that Umar will not attend the Hajj ever again. Amongst the conspirators was:</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><ol start="1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hormuzan, the alleged mastermind of the plot. He was Persian Commander in Chief and was captured and brought to Umar at Madinah where to save his life he apparently converted to Islam.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">One of Umar's advisors, Ka'ab al-Ahbar, a former Jewish Rabbi, who apparently had converted to Islam, but his conversion is generally doubted by the Shi'ite scholars. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Jafinah</i>, the Christian Arab from Iraq, who was also a foster brother of Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, former governors of Busra.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Piruzan, popularly known as <i>Abu Lulu</i>, he was slave of Mughira ibn Shu'ba the then governor of Busra.</span></li>
</ol><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">It was Abu Lulu who was assigned the mission of assassinating Umar. According to the plan, before the Fajrprayers (<i>the morning prayers before the dawn</i>) Abu Lulu will enter Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, the main mosque of Madinah where Umar led the prayers and will attack Umar during the prayers, and will flee or will mix with the congregation at mosque. There were Persian children slaves in Madina. Seeing them, Firoz is quoted saying:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">You have been enslaved at such a tender age. This Umar sees eaten my heart. I will take his heart out.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Lulu brought a conjectural complaint to Umar about the high tax charged from him by his master Mughirah. Umar wrote to Mughirah and inquired about the tax, Mughirah's reply was satisfactory Umar held that the tax charged from Abu Lulu was reasonable, owning to his daily income. Umar than is reported to have asked Abu Lulu:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">I heard that you make windmills; make one for me as well. In a sullen mood, Firoz said, " Verily I will make such a mill for you, that whole world would remember it ".</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">On 3 November 644, Umar was attacked, while leading the morning prayers, Abu Lulu stabbed him six times in the belly and last on the navel, that proved fatal. Umar was left profusely bleeding while Abu Lulu tried to flee but people from all sides rushed to capture him, he in his efforts to escape is reported to have wounded twelve other people, six or nine of them later died. At last he was captured but committed suicide from the same dagger. Umar died of the wounds three days later on Sunday, 7 November 644. Umar is reported to have left the following testament:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Be kind and generous to the Muhajirun and the Ansar. Those out of them who are good, be good to them; those who are bad overlook their lapses. Be good to the people of the conquered lands. They are the outer line of our defense; they are the target of the anger and distress of our enemies. They contribute to our revenues. They should be taxed only on their surplus wealth. Be gracious to the Bedouins as they are the backbone of the Arab nation. I instruct you to be good to the Dhimmis for they are your responsibility. Do not tax them beyond their capacity. Ensure that they pay the Jizya without undue inconvenience. Fear God, and in all that you do keep His pleasure in view. In the matter of people fear God, and in the matter of Allah do not be afraid of the people. With regard to the people, I enjoin upon you to administer justice with an even hand. See that all the legitimate requirements of the people are met. Be concerned for their welfare. Ensure the safety of their person and property. See that the frontiers of our domains are not violated. Take strong steps to guard the frontiers. In the matter of administration do not prefer the rich to the poor. Be hard against those who violate the law. Show them no mercy. Do not rest content until you have brought the miscreants to book. Treat all the people as equal. Be a pillar of strength for those who are weak and oppressed. Those who are strong but do wrong, make them pay for their wrong-doings. In the distribution of booty and other matters be above nepotism. Let no consideration of relationship or selfish interest weigh with you. The Satan is at large; it may tempt you. Rise above all temptations and perform your duties in accordance with the injunctions of Islam. Get guidance from the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Freely consult the wise men around you. Apply your own mind in difficult cases, and seek light from God. Be simple in your living and your habits. Let there be no show or ostentation about you. Lead life as a model Muslim. As you are the leader of the Muslims, justify your leadership by being the best among them all. May God bless you.</i> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">As per Umar's will, he was buried next to Al-Masjid al-Nabawi alongside Muhammad and Caliph Abu Bakr by the permission of Aisha.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: windowtext;">Aftermaths</span></span><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></span></h3><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">On his death bed Umar vacillated to appoint his successor, however it has been reported that he said that if Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, Khalid ibn Walid or Salim, the mawali and freed Persian slave, were alive he would have appointed one of them his successor. Umar finally appointed a committee of six persons comprising,</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><ol start="1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ali ibn Abi Taleb</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Saad ibn Abi Waqqas</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Talha ibn Ubaidullah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Uthman ibn Affan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abd-al-Rahman ibn Awf</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</span></li>
</ol><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Their task was to chose a caliph from amongst them. Umar appointed a band of fifty armed soldiers to protect the house where the meeting was proceeding. Until the appointment of the next caliph Umar appointed a notable Sahabi, a mawali, Suhayb ar-Rumi (<i>Suhayb the Roman</i>) as a caretaker Caliph. While the historic meeting for selection of caliph was preceding, Abdulrehman ibn Abu Bakr and Abdur Rahman bin Awf revealed that they saw the dagger used by Abu Lulu, the assassin of Umar. A night before Umar's assassination, reported Abdur Rahman bin Awf, he saw Hormuzan, Jafina and Abu Lulu, while they were suspiciously discussing some thing, bewildered by his presence, the dagger fell, it was the same two sided dagger used in the assassination. Abudulrehman ibn Abu Bakr, son of late caliph Abu Bakr also confirmed that a few days before Umar's assassination, he once saw this dagger with Hurmazan. After the mystery of assassination got uncovered by the two of the most notable governmental figures, it seemed clear that the assassination was planned by the Persians residing in Medina. Infuriate by this Umar's younger son Ubaidullah ibn Umar sought to kill all the Persians in Madinah. He killed Hormuzan, Jafinah, and daughter of Umar's assassin Abu Lulu, who is believed to be a Muslim. Ubaidullah was intercepted by the people of Madinah and withholding him from the massacre. Amr ibn al-Aas is said to have intercepted him, convinced him to handover his sword. The murder of Jafinah, enraged Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, his foster brother, and he assaulted Ubaidullah ibn Umar and again the companions intervened. It is also believed that Umar daughter Hafsa bint Umar provoked Ubaidullah to take the punitive action. When Umar was informed about the incident, he ordered that Ubaidullah should be imprisoned and the next Caliph should decide his fate. Umar died on 7 November 644; on 11 November Uthman succeeded him as the Caliph. After prolonged negotiations the tribunal decided to give blood money to the victims and released Umar's son Ubaidullah, on the ground that after the tragic incident of Umar's assassination people will be further infuriated by execution of his son the very next day.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span><span>Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-56358087787929638302011-05-19T01:30:00.000-07:002011-05-19T01:40:21.319-07:00Umar ibn Khattab: Political and civil administration<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="mw-headline">Umar ibn Khattab: Political and civil administration</span></b>. The government of Umar was more or less a unitary government, where the sovereign political authority was the Caliph. The empire of Umar was divided into provinces and some autonomous territories like in some regions Azerbaijan and Armenia, that had accepted the suzerainty of the Caliphate. The provinces were administered by the provincial governors or <i>Wali</i>. The selection of which was made personally by Umar, who was very fastidious in it. Provinces were further divided into districts, there were about 100 districts in the empire. Each district or main city was under the charge of a junior governor or Wali, usually appointed by Umar himself, but occasionally they were also appointed by the provincial governor. Other officers at the provincial level were:<a name='more'></a></span></h2><div></div><ol start="1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Katib</i>, the Chief Secretary.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Katib-ud-Diwan</i>, the Military Secretary.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Sahib-ul-Kharaj</i>, the Revenue Collector.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Sahib-ul-Ahdath</i>, the Police chief.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal</i>, the Treasury Officer.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Qadi</i>, the Chief Judge.</span></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In some districts there were separate military officers, though the Governor (Wali) was in most cases the Commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province. Every appointment was made in writing. At the time of appointment an instrument of instructions was issued with a view to regulating the conduct of Governors. On assuming office, the Governor was required to assemble the people in the main mosque, and read the instrument of instructions before them. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar's general instructions to his officers were:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">"Remember, I have not appointed you as commanders and tyrants over the people. I have sent you as leaders instead, so that the people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall into the error of conceit. Do not keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful of them eat up the weaker ones. And do not behave as if you were superior to them, for that is tyranny over them."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Various other strict code of conducts were to be obeyed by the governors and state officials. The principal officers were required to come to Mecca on the occasion of the Hajj, during which people were free to present any complaint against them. In order to minimize the chances of corruption, Umar made it a point to pay high salaries to the staff. Provincial governor received as much as five to seven thousand dirham annually besides their shares of the spoils of war (<i>if they were also the commander in chief of the army of their sector</i>). Under Umar the empire was divided into the following provinces.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ol start="1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arabia was divided into two provinces, Mecca and Medina;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Iraq was divided into two provinces, Basra and Kufa;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">In the upper reaches of the Tigris and the Euphrates, Jazira was a province;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Syria was a province;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar divided Palestine in two provinces Aylya and Ramallah;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Egypt was divided into two provinces, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Persia was divided into three provinces, Khorasan; Azarbaijan and Fars.</span></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar was first to established a special department for the investigation of complaints against the officers of the State. This department acted as Administrative court, where the legal proceedings were personally led by Umar. The Department was under the charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, one of Umar's most trusted men. In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Umar to proceed to the spot, investigate the charge and take action. Sometimes an Inquiry Commission was constituted to investigate the charge. On occasions the officers against whom complaints were received were summoned to Medina, and charged in Umar's administrative court. One of Umar's most powerful department was his intelligence department of secret services. Umar's iron fist rule on his empire, is often credited to this institution . His agents were everywhere, in the army, in the bureaucracy and in the enemy land. For the officials of Umar it was said to be the most fearsome department.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar was a pioneer in some affairs:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ol start="1" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar was the first to introduce the public ministry system, where the records of officials and soldiers were kept. He also kept a record system that had the messages he sent to Governors and heads of states.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">He was the first to appoint police forces to keep civil order.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">He was the first to discipline the people when they became disordered.</span></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline">Reforms</span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar is regarded as one of the greatest political geniuses in history. While under his leadership, the empire was expanding at a unprecedented rate, he also began to build the political structure that would hold together the vast empire that was being built. He undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy. He established an advanced administration for the newly conquered lands, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census of all the Muslim territories. During his rule, the garrison cities (amsar) of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded. In 638, he extended and renovated the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) in Mecca and the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina. Umar also ordered the expulsion of the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar allowing them to reside in Syria or Iraq. He issued orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and allotted them the equivalent land in their new settlements. Umar also forbade non-Muslims to reside in the Hejaz for longer than three days.</span> He was first to establish army as a state department. Umar was founder of Fiqh, the Islamic jurisprudence. He is regarded by Sunni Muslims to be one of the greatest Faqih. Umar as a jurist started the process of codifying Islamic Law. In 641, he established Bayt al-mal, a financial institution and started annual state sponsored allowance for the poor Muslims in Makkah and Al Madinah. A year later he also started allowance for the poor, underprivileged and old non-Muslim citizens of the empire. As a leader, 'Umar was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted. In 639, his fourth year as caliph and the seventeenth year since the Hijra, he decreed that the Islamic calendar should be counted from the year of the Hijra of Muhammad from Mecca to Madinah.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline">Military expansion</span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is widely believed that Umar stressed more on consolidating his power and political influence in the conquered land, rather than pursuing conquests. Nevertheless under Umar, The Islamic empire grew at an unprecedented rate. In 638, after the conquest of Syria, Umar dismissed Khalid, his most successful general due to his every growing fame and influence. Later however Umar regretted this decision. The military conquest were partially terminated between 638–639 during the years of great famine and plague in Arabia and Levant respectively. During his reign the Levant, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Eastern Anatolia, almost the whole of the Sassanid Persian Empire including Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus and Makran were annexed to Islamic Empire. According to one estimate more than 4050 cities were captured during these military conquest. Prior to his death in 644, Umar had ceased all military expeditions apparently to consolidate his rule in Egypt and the newly conquered Sassanid Empire (642–644). At his death in November 644, the domain of his rule extended from present day Libya in west to the Indus river in east and the Oxus river in north.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline">The great famine</span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In the year 638, Arabia fell into severe drought followed by a famine. Bedouin people began to die because of hunger and epidemic disease. Hundreds of thousands<sup> </sup>of people from all over Arabia gathered at Madinah where food was rationed. Soon the reserves of food at Madinah began to decline, and Umar wrote to the provincial governors of Syria, Palestine and Iraq for aid. A state of emergency was declared in Madinah and Arabia. The timely aid of Umar's governors saved the lives of thousands of people through out Arabia. The first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor of Syria and supreme commander of Rashidun army. He sent a historic letter to Umar saying.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">I am sending you the Caravans whose one end will be here at Syria and the other will be at Madinah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a personal visit to Madinah and acted as an officer of Disaster management cell, which was headed personally by Umar. Once an adequate supply of rations reached Madinah, Umar dispatched his men to the routes of Iraq, Palestine and Syria to take the supply caravans to the desert settlements deeper into Arabia, which in turn saved millions from starvation. For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every night at Madinah, which according to one estimate had attendance of more than hundred thousand people. By early 639 conditions begun to improve. Arabia received precipitation and as soon as the famine ended, Umar personally supervised the rehabilitation of the displaced people. They were given adequate amounts of rations and were exempted from payment of zakat for that year and the next year.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline">The great plague</span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">While famine was ending in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine were devastated by plague. While Umar was on his way to visit Syria, at Elat, he was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about plague and its intensity and he was suggest to go back to Madinah. Umar tried to persuade Abu Ubaidah to come with him to Madinah but he denied to leave his troops in that critical situation. Abu Ubaidah died in 639 due to plague, which also cost the life of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the plague had weakened in late 639 Umar visited Syria for political and administrative re-organization, as most of the veteran commanders and governors had died of plague.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline">Marriage to Ali bin Abu Talib's daughter Umm Kulthum</span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is accepted by Sunni sources that Umar bin Khattab married Ali bin Abu Talib's daughter Umm Kulthum, Shi'ah believe that the wife of Umar was Umm Kulthum bint Abi Bakr. In sunni sources it is mentioned that Umar asked for her hand because of a hadith he heard from Muhammad, "Every lineage and means will be severed on the Day of Judgment except my lineage and my means." Umar wanted to be closer to Muhammad, therefore requested Ali's daughter, which he accepted.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline">Taraveeh</span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">An other famous act which was introduced by Umar is Taraveeh (recitation of holy Quran during the nights of holy month of Ramdhan (month of fasting). Taraveeh was not part of Islam until Umar became caliph. Umar pass the ruling that during the month of Ramdhan, those who follow him should recite holy Quran. According to Shia’ah, this rule was not part of religion, and also Umar is not ruler of all Muslims they can not follow such un-Islamic rulings.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-59407956751545983242011-05-19T00:53:00.000-07:002011-05-19T00:53:28.661-07:00Umar ibn Khattab: Reign as Caliph<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Umar ibn Khattab: Reign as Caliph</b><span>. On 22 August Caliph Abu Bakr died. The same day Umar assumed the office of Caliphate. After the assumption of office as the Caliph, Umar addressed the Muslims in his Inaugural address as:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span><i><span>"O ye faithful! Abu Bakr is no more amongst us. He has the satisfaction that he has successfully piloted the ship of the Muslim state to safety after negotiating the stormy sea. He successfully waged the apostasy wars, and thanks to him, Islam is now supreme in Arabia. After Abu Bakr, the mantle of Caliphate has fallen on my shoulders. I swear it before God that I never coveted this office. I wished that it would have devolved on some other person more worthy than me. But now that in national interest, the responsibility for leading the Muslims has come to vest in me, I assure you that I will not run away from my post, and will make an earnest effort to discharge the onerous duties of the office to the best of my capacity in accordance with the injunctions of Islam. Allah has examined me from you and you from me, In the performance of my duties, I will seek guidance from the Holy Book, and will follow the examples set by the Holy Prophet and Abu Bakr. In this task I seek your assistance. If I follow the right path, follow me. If I deviate from the right path, correct me so that we are not led astray.<a name='more'></a></span></i><span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: windowtext;">Initial challenges</span></span><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Umar was already not an endearing figure in Medina. Although almost all of the Muslims had given pledge of loyalty to him, nevertheless he was rather more feared than loved. The first challenge for Umar was to win out his subjects and members of Majlis al Shura. Umar was a gifted orator, and he would use his ability to get a soft corner in the hearts of people. On Friday prayers Umar addressed the people as follows:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>Brethren, it has come to my notice that the people are afraid of me..... they say that he (</span></i><span>Umar<i>) has become the Caliph now, God knows how hard he will be. Whoever has said this is not wrong in his assessment...... know ye brethren that you will feel a change in me. For those who practise tyranny and deprive others of their rights, I will be harsh and stern, but for those who follow the law, I will be most soft and tender.</i> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Umar's addresses greatly moved the people. Next time he addressed the people as:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>I will be harsh and stern against the aggressor, but I will be a pillar of strength for the weak</span></i><span>.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span>I will not calm down until I will put one cheek of a tyrant on the ground and the other under my feet, and for the poor and weak, I will put my cheek on the ground</span></i><span>.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>The following are the historic words of Umar, over which he laid foundation of his rule:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span></span><i><span>By God, he that is weakest among you shall be in my eye the strongest, until I have vindicated for him his rights; he that is strongest I will treat as the weakest, until he complies with the law.</span></i><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Umar's stress was on the well being of poor and underprivileged people. As this class made a bulk of any community, the people were soundly moved by Umar's speeches and his popularity grew rapidly and continuously over the period of his reign. In addition to this Umar, in order to improve his reputation and relation with Banu Hashim, the tribe of Prophet Muhammad and Ali, delivered to him his disputed estates in Khayber. Though he followed Abu Bakr's decision over the dispute of land of Fidak, continued its status as a state property. In Ridda wars, thousands of prisoners from rebel and apostate tribes were taken away as slaves during the expeditions. Umar ordered the general amnesty for the prisoners, and their immediate emancipation. This made Umar quite a popular among the budoiene tribes. With necessary public support with him, Umar took a bold decision of retrieving Khalid ibn Walid from supreme command on Roman front.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar </span></span></span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-3762382811740681142011-05-18T02:03:00.000-07:002011-05-18T02:10:04.734-07:00Umar ibn Khattab: Caliph Abu Bakr's era<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Umar ibn Khattab: Caliph Abu Bakr's era</b>. During Abu Bakr's reign as caliph, during which he remained occupied with Ridda wars, Umar was one of his chief advisers and secretary. Umar along with Khalid ibn Walid, probably was the architect and main strategist behind the collapse of rebellion in Arabia. Though at the beginning due to the apprehensive situation in Arabia Umar was opposing the military operations against the rebel tribes, it was to enjoy their support in case of any possible foreign invasion by Romans or Persian, but later he seemed to agree with Abu Bakr's warlike strategies to crush rebellion. <a name='more'></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Khalid ibn Walid by late 632 had successfully united Arabia after consecutive victories against rebels. Later during his own reign, Umar would mostly adopt the policy of avoiding wars and consolidating his power in the conquered land rather than expanding his empire through continuous warfare. Prior to Battle of Yamamah, Umar pressured Abu Bakr to call back Khalid, who had killed Malik ibn Nuwayrah, a rebel chief who was a state criminal. Umar was reportedly misguided by Malik's brother that Malik was a Muslim and Khalid killed him because he wanted to marry his wife Layla bint al-Minhal, a renowned beauty in Arabia. While Abu Bakr refused to accept Umar's opinion and Umar continue insisting for Khalid disposal even after Khalid's conquest of Iraq. This became a major issue between Abu Bakr and Umar and a spacious chapter in Islamic history. It was Umar who advised Abu Bakr to compile Quran in the form of a book, after the death of 300 memorizers of Quran in Battle of Yamamah. Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor prior to his death in 634. He was confirmed in the office thereafter.</span></div><div></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Appointment as a Caliph</span></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Due to his strict and autocratic nature, Umar was not a very popular figure among the notables of Madinah and members of Majlis al Shura, accordingly succession of Umar was initially discouraged by high ranking companions of Abu Bakr. Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to make Umar, his successor. According to some books, it was Umar who asked Abu Bakr to make him as successor. Umar was still well known for his extraordinary will power, intelligence, political astuteness, impartiality, justice and care for poor and underprivileged people. Abu Bakr is reported to have said to the high-ranking advisers:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>His (Umar's) strictness was there because of my softness when the weight of Caliphate will be over his shoulders he will remain no longer strict. If I will be asked by the God to whom I have appointed my successor, I will tell him that I have appointed the best man among your men.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i> </i> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr was fully aware of Umar's power and ability to succeed him. Succession of Umar was thus not as troublesome as any of the others. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions to power from one authority to another in the Muslim lands. Abu Bakr before his death called Uthman to write his will in which he declared Umar his successor. In his will he instructed Umar to continue the conquests on Iraq and Syrian fronts. Abu Bakr's decision would prove to be crucial in the strengthening of the nascent Islamic empire.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Source: </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-46385317198033571302011-05-18T00:51:00.000-07:002011-05-18T02:09:01.906-07:00Umar ibn Khattab: During Muhammad's era<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Umar ibn Khattab: During Muhammad's era</b>. In 610 Muhammad started delivering the message of Islam. Umar, alongside others in Makkah, opposed Islam and threatened to kill Muhammad. He resolved to defend the traditional, polytheistic religion of Arabia. He was most adamant and cruel in opposing Muhammad and very prominent in persecuting the Muslims. Umar was the first man who resolved that Muhammad had to be murdered in order to finish Islam. Umar firmly believed in the unity of the Quraish and saw the new faith of Islam as a cause of division and discord among the Quraish.<a name='more'></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Due to the persecution at the hands of the Quraish, Muhammad ordered his followers to migrate to Abyssinia. As a small group of Muslims migrated Umar felt worried about the future unity of the Quraish and decided to have Muhammad assassinated.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Converting to Islam</span></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar converted to Islam in 616, one year after the Migration to Abyssinia. The story was recounted in Ibn Ishaq's <i>Sīrah</i>; On the way to murder Muhammad, Umar met his best friend Nu'aim ibn Abdi 'Allah who had secretly been converted to a Muslim but he did not tell Umar anything about it. When Umar told him that he was going to kill Muhammad he was afraid. He knew Umar will attempt what he said. So just to divert his attention he told him to set his own house in order first, as his sister and her husband had converted to Islam. Upon arriving at her house, Umar found his sister and brother-in-law Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin), reciting the verses of the Qur'an(Surah Taha). He started quarreling with his brother-in-law . When his sister came to rescue her husband, he also started quarreling with her. Yet still they kept on saying "you may kill us but we will not give up Islam". Upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sister so hard that she fell to the ground bleeding from her mouth. When he saw what he did to his sister now, out of guilt he calmed down and asked his sister to give him what she was reciting. She gave him the paper on which was written the verses of the chapter <i>Ta-Ha</i>. He was so struck by the beauty of the verses that he accepted Islam that day. He then went to Muhammad with the same sword he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam in front of him and his companions. Umar was 27 when he accepted Islam. Following his conversion, Umar went to inform the chief of Quraish, Amr ibn Hishām, about his acceptance of Islam. According to one account, Umar thereafter openly prayed at the Kaaba as the Quraish chiefs, Amr ibn Hishām and Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, reportedly watched in anger. This further helped the Muslims to gain confidence in practicing Islam openly. At this stage Umar even challenged anyone who dared to stop the Muslims from praying, although no one dared to interfere with Umar when he was openly praying.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar’s conversion to Islam gave power to the Muslims and the faith in Mecca. It was after this that Muslims offered prayers openly in Masjid al-Haram for the first time. Abdullah bin Masoud said:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar's embracing Islam was our victory, his migration to Medina was our success and his reign a blessing from Allah, we didn't offer prayers in Al-Haram Mosque until Umar accepted Islam, when he accepted Islam Quraish were compelled to let us pray in the Mosque.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">All these things earned Umar the title of Farooq, meaning he who distinguishes truth from falsehood.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Umar's Title of Al Farooq</span></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mujahid, on the authority of Ibn Abbas related that he had asked 'Umar bin Al-Khattab why he had been given the epithet of Al-Farooq (he who distinguishes truth from falsehood), he replied: After I had embraced Islam, I asked the Prophet : 'Aren't we on the right path here and Hereafter?' The Prophet answered: 'Of course you are! I swear by Allâh in Whose Hand my soul is, that you are right in this world and in the hereafter.' I, therefore, asked the Prophet 'Why we then had to conduct clandestine activism. I swear by Allâh Who has sent you with the Truth, that we will leave our concealment and proclaim our noble cause publicly.' We then went out in two groups, Hamzah leading one and I the other. We headed for the Mosque in broad daylight. When the polytheists of Quraish saw us, their faces went pale and got incredibly depressed and resentful. On that very occasion, the Prophet attached to me the epithet of Al-Farooq."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Migration to Medina</span></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 622 due to the growing popularity of Islam in the city of Yathrib (<i>later renamed Al-Medīna Al-Munawara, the enlightened city, or simply Medina</i>) Muhammad ordered his followers to migrate to Medina. Muslims usually migrated at night due to fear of Quraish's resistance to that migration, but <b>Umar</b> is reported to have migrated openly during the day time. Ibn <b>Asakir</b><b>Ali</b> said: I don’t know of anyone who didn’t emigrate in secret except for <b>Umar</b> ibn al-Khattab; because when he wanted to emigrate he strapped on his sword, put his bow over his shoulder, carried his arrows in his hand, and came to the Ka‘bah where the nobles of Quraysh were in the courtyard. He performed seven circuits, and then prayed two raka‘at at the Station (of Ibrahim). Then he approached their circle one step at a time and said, Whoever wishes to bereave his mother, orphan his children and widow his wife then let him meet me behind this valley.” Not one of them followed him. <b>Umar</b> migrated to Medina accompanied by his cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.</span> narrated that </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Life in Medina</span></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Medina became the new center of Islam and the religion spread rapidly across Arabia. When Muhammad arrived in Medina, he paired off each immigrant (Muhajir) with one of the residents of the city (Ansari), joining Muhammad ibn Maslamah with Umar making them brothers in faith. Later in Umar's reign as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah would be assigned the office of chief inspector of Accountability. Muslims remained in peace in Medina for approximately a year before the Quraish raised an army to attack them. In 624 Umar participated in the first Battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e. Battle of Badr.In 625 he participated in the Battle of Uhud. In the second phase of Battle when Khalid ibn Walid's Cavalry attacked Muslims at the rear changing the victory of Muslims to defeat, rumors of Muhammad’s death were spread many Muslim were warriors routed from the battle field, Umar too was initially routed but hearing that Muhammad was still alive he went to Muhammad at the mountain of Uhud and prepared for the defenses of the hill to keep the Quraishi army down the hill. Later in the year Umar was a part of campaign against the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir. In 625 Umar’s daughter Hafsah was married to Muhammad.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Later in 627 he participated in the Battle of the Trench and also in the Battle of Banu Qurayza. In 628 Umar participated in the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and was made one of the witness over the pact. In 628 he was a part of Muslims' campaign to Khaybar. In 629 Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal from where he called for reinforcement and Muhammad sent Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with reinforcement, serving under him were Abu Bakr and Umar, they attacked and defeated the enemy. In 630 when Muslim armies rushed for the Conquest of Mecca he was part of that army. Later in 630 he was part of Battle of Hunayn and Siege of Ta'if. He was part of Muslim's army that went for the campaign of Tabuk under Muhammad's command and he was reported to have given half of his wealth for the preparation of this expedition. He also participated in a farewell Hajj of Muhammad in 631.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Death of Muhammad</span></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Muhammad died on 8 June 632. Just before the death, there were a group of companions of Muhammad were near him when Muhammad asks that he want to write a will and hence require a pen and paper. Umar said that Muhammad is seriously ill and his brain is not working fully. Abu bakar also agreed on that. When Muhammad heard that, he ordered both to leave the room. Umar was full of grief upon hearing the news, Umar, the devoted disciple, could not accept the reality that the "Messenger of God" has died. According to the Qur'an, "Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers have passed away before", i.e. died or killed. It is said that Umar promised to strike the head of any man who would say that Muhammad died. At this point Abu Bakr is reported to have come out to the Muslim community and gave his famous speech which included:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">"Whoever worshipped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad is dead, and whoever worshipped God, let them know that God is alive and never dies."</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heel?".</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hearing this from Abu Bakr, the most senior disciple of Muhammad, Umar then fell down on his knees in great sense of sorrow and acceptance of the reality. Sunni Muslims say that this denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep love for him. </span><br />
<br />
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;">Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar</span></div></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-31651994743312209462011-05-18T00:36:00.000-07:002011-05-19T01:58:52.127-07:00Umar ibn Khattab Biography<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Umar bin Khattab Biography</b>. <b>Umar</b> (Arabic: عمر بن الخطاب; Transliteration: <span class="unicode"><i><span title="Arabic transliteration">`Umar ibn al-Khattāb</span></i></span>, c. 586–590 – 644) c. 2 Nov. (Dhu al-Hijjah 26, 23 Hijri) , was a leading companion and adviser to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and became the second Muslim Khalifa after Muhammad's death and ruled for 10 years.<a name='more'></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Converting to Islam in the 6th year after Muhammad's first revelation, he spent 18 years in companionship of Muhammad. He succeeded Caliph Abu Bakr on 23 August 634 as the second Caliph, and played a significant role in Islam. Under Umar the Islamic empire expanded at an unprecedented rate ruling the whole Sassanid Persian Empire and more than two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire. His legislative abilities, his firm political and administrative control over a rapidly expanding empire and his brilliantly coordinated multi-prong attacks against the Sassanid Persian Empire that resulted in the conquest of the Persian empire in less than two years, marked his reputation as a great political and military leader.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_4-0"> </sup> He was killed by a Persian captive.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Muslims view him as the Second Rashidun and know him as Farooq the great and Hero of Islam.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar was born in Mecca to the Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitrations among the tribes. His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his mother was Hantammah daughter of Khattab, from the tribe of Banu Makhzum. He is said to have belonged to a middle class family. In his youth he used to tend to his father’s camels in the plains near Mecca. His father was famed for his intelligence among his tribe. He was a middle class merchant and is believed to be a ruthless man and emotional polytheist who often treated Umar badly. As obvious from Umar's own statement regarding his father during his later political rule, Umar said, "My father Al-Khittab was a ruthless man. He used to make me work hard; if I didn't work he used to beat me and he used to work me to exhaustion."</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Despite literacy being uncommon in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar learned to read and write in his youth. Though not a poet himself, he developed a love for poetry and literature. According to the tradition of Quraish, while still in his teenage years, Umar learned martial arts, horse riding and wrestling. He was tall and physically powerful and was soon to became a renowned wrestler. Umar was also a gifted orator, and due to his intelligence and overwhelming personality, he succeeded his father as an arbitrator of conflicts among the tribes.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In addition, Umar followed the traditional profession of Quraish. He became a merchant and had several journeys to Rome and Persia, where he is said to have met the various scholars and analyzed the Roman and Persian societies closely. However, as a merchant he is believed to have never been successful.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;">Family</span></b><br />
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Umar married a total of nine women in his lifetime and had fourteen children, ten sons and four daughters.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>The details are as follow:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Wife: Zaynab bint Mazh'un (at the time of <i>Jahiliyyah</i> [Days of Ignorance]) </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Son: Abdullah ibn Umar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Son: Abdulrahman ibn 'Umar (The Older)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Son: Abdulrahman ibn 'Umar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Daughter: Hafsa bint Umar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Wife: Umm Kulthum bint Jarwila Khuzima (divorced) </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Son: Ubaidullah ibn Umar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Son: Zayd ibn 'Umar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Wife: Quraybah bint Abi Umayyah al-Makhzumi (divorced, married by Abdulrehman ibn Abu Bakr)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Wife: Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham (after her husband, a former ally of 'Umar and a companion Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl was killed in Battle of Yarmouk, later divorced but al-Madaini says he did not divorce her) </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Daughter: Fatima bint 'Umar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Wife: Jamilah bint Ashim ibn Thabit ibn Abi al-Aqlah (from the tribe of Aws) </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Son: Asim ibn Umar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Wife: Atikah bint Zayd ibn Amr ibn Nifayl (cousin of Umar and former wife of Abdullah ibn Abu Bakr married 'Umar in the year twelve AH and after 'Umar was murdered, she married az-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam) </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Son: Iyaad ibn 'Umar</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Wife: Luhyah (a woman from Yemen (Yaman) who's marital status with 'Umar is disputed, al-Waqidi said that she was Umm Walad, meaning a slave woman) </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Son: Abdulrahman ibn 'Umar (the youngest Abdulrehman while some say the middle Abdulrehman from Luhyah)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Wife: Fukayhah (as Umm Walad) </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Daughter: Zaynab bint 'Umar (the smallest child of 'Umar from Fukayhah)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Wife: Umm Kulthum bint Ali bin Abut Talib (daughter of the fourth Caliph, Ali bin Abu Talib) </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Son: Zayd bin Umar (aka Zayd al Akbar, aka Ibn al-Khalifatayn (Son of the Two Caliphs, i.e. `Umar and `Ali)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Another son is, az-Zubayr ibn Bakkar, called <i>Abu Shahmah</i>, though from which wife is unknown.</span></span></div><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;">Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar</span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-15444311508826279182011-05-08T15:25:00.000-07:002011-05-08T16:20:29.828-07:00The Legacy of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><b><span class="hps" title="Click for alternate translations">The Legacy of</span> <span class="hps" title="Click for alternate translations">Abu</span> <span class="hps" title="Click for alternate translations">Bakr</span> <span class="hps" title="Click for alternate translations">As</span><span class="atn" title="Click for alternate translations">-</span></b><span class="" title="Click for alternate translations"><b>Siddiq</b>. </span></span>Abu Bakr became the Caliph on 8 June 632 and he died on 23 August 634. Though the period of his caliphate covers only two years, two months and fifteen days, it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time: the Sassanid Empire and Byzantine Empire.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr had the distinction of being the first Caliph in the history of Islam and also the first Caliph to nominate a successor. He was the only Caliph in the history of Islam who refunded to the state treasury at the time of his death the entire amount of the allowance that he had drawn during the period of his caliphate.<a name='more'></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">He is revered for being the first Muslim ruler to establish:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bayt al-mal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Crown Pasture</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">'Ijtihad'.</span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">He has the distinction of purchasing the land for Al-Masjid al-Nabawi.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr had given up drinking wine even in the time before Islam. He was the foremost genealogist of the Quraysh and was well accomplished at interpreting dreams according to Ibn Sirin.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Sunni view</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sunni Muslims also consider Abu Bakr as one of al-`Ashara al-Mubasharîn fi-l-Janna (The Ten Promised Paradise) whom Muhammad had testified were destined for Paradise. He is regarded as <b>Khalifa Rasulullah</b> <i>The successor of Messenger of Allah</i>, and first of the Rightly Guided Caliphs - i.e. Rashidun and being the rightful successor to Muhammad. Abu Bakr had always been the closest friend and confidant of Muhammad throughout his life. He was always there beside Muhammad at every major event. It was Abu Bakr's wisdom that Muhammad always honored.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr is regarded to be among best persons from the followers of Muhammad, as Umar ibn Khattab stated that ‘If the faith of Abu Bakr was weighed against the faith of the people of the earth, the faith of Abu Bakr would outweigh the others.’ During the last few weeks of his life, Muhammad preferred Abu Bakr to lead the Muslims in prayer while he was ill. Upon Muhammad's death, it was Abu Bakr who demonstrated sagacity to keep the ranks of the Muslims together. Muhammad had not left behind a clear will on who would succeed him. There was dissension between the two original tribes of Medina, namely Aws and Khazraj regarding who would become the ruler over the Muslims after Muhammad. This even led to drawing of swords between them. Abu Bakr, Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah rushed to the spot where the dispute almost turned bloody, and delivered his famous speech to show the path of unity between the Muslims and declared that Umar should become the first caliph. In turn, Umar declared his allegiance to Abu Bakr saying that there is no better man amongst the Muslims after Muhammad. The majority of the sahaba (companions of Muhammad) assembled there followed suit and pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr. Sunnis point out this fact of avoiding bloodshed between Muslims and preserving the unity of the state as of paramount importance, or it would have led to self-destruction of the new state. The famous scholar Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal also stated that he is among the foremost companions (sahaba) of prophet Muhammad.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Shi'a view</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Shi'a Muslims have a different view of Abu Bakr. They believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was supposed to assume Caliphate, and had been appointed by Muhammad as his successor at Ghadir Khumm. It is also believed Abu Bakr and Umar conspired to take over power in the Muslim nation after Muhammad's death, in a coup d'état against Ali. According to them, they also met secretly with the tribal leaders of Mecca and Medina at Saqifah to elect Abu Bakr. The Shi'a do not view Abu Bakr's being with Muhammad in the cave when the two fled Mecca as a meritorious act.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Shi'a criticize Abu Bakr for an alleged dispute between him and Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah, that, according to them, ended with her becoming angry with Abu Bakr and refusing to talk with him for the rest of her life, she died six months later. According to them, Abu Bakr had refused to grant her a piece of land which Muhammad had given to her as a gift before his death. However, Abu Bakr replied by saying that Muhammad had told him that the Prophets of God do not possess any worldly possessions and on this basis he refused to give her the piece of land. Some Shi'a also accuse him of participating in the burning of the house of Ali and Fatima. (<i>see </i><i>Fadak</i>)</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Shi'a believe that Abu Bakr sent Khalid ibn Walid to crush those who were in favour of Ali's caliphate (<i>see </i><i>Ridda Wars</i>). The Shi'a strongly refute the idea that Abu Bakr or Umar were instrumental in the collection or preservation of the <i>Qur'an</i>, claiming that they should have accepted the copy of the book in the possession of Ali.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Non-Muslim views</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Edward Gibbon wrote about Abu Bakr as:</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">The moderation, and the veracity of Abu Bakr confirmed the new religion, and furnished an example for invitation.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">William Muir states that:</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr's judgment was sound and impartial; his conversation agreeable and his demeanor affable and much sought after by the Quraysh and he was popular throughout the city.... The faith of Abu Bakr was the greatest guarantee of Muhammad's sincerity in the beginning of his career, and indeed, in a modified sense, throughout his life. To have such a person as a staunch adherent of his claim, was for Muhammad a most important step.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">William Montgomery Watt writes:</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">From 622 to 632 he (Abu Bakr) was Mohammed's chief adviser, but had no prominent public functions except that he conducted the pilgrimage to Mecca in 631, and led the public prayers in Medina during Mohammed's last illness.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline">Hadith transmitted by him</span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">It has been transmitted from Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim that Abu Bakr related, "I said to the Prophet: 'O Messenger of Allah! Teach me a supplication which I may make in prayer.' He replied: 'Say: Oh Allah! I have done my soul a great harm and no one can forgive sins except You; so grant me forgiveness with Your Pleasure, and have Pity on me. You are Al Ghaffur, Ar-Rahim.'</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In al-Adab al-Mafrud of Imam Al-Bukhari and in ibn Majah and the Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, it has been reported from Abu Bakr that Muhammad said, "Stick to speaking the truth because truth is a companion of birr (righteousness) and both these are in Paradise; and abstain from lying because it is a companion of fujur (sin) and both these are in Hell."</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is reported in Sunan Abu Dawood, Ahmad, and Tirmidhi that Abu Bakr said, "O people! You recite the verse (5:105): '<b>O you who believe! Guard your own souls; if you follow (right) guidance, no hurt can come to you from those who stray'</b>, but you misinterpret it and do not know what it means. I once heard the Messenger of Allah say, 'If people see someone practicing injustice and do not set him right, Allah will almost certainly visit them all with severe punishment." Another narration goes, "If they see evil practiced and do not attempt to change it..."</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">According to a narration of Abu Bakr as reported in Jami al Tirmidhi, Tafsir ibn Jarir and elsewhere, when Muhammed recited this verse (4:123), "<b>And whoever does evil shall be requited for it</b>" to him, he felt as if his back was broken. When Muhammed noticed the reaction on him, he asked, "What is the matter with you?" Thereupon, Abu Bakr submitted, "Ya RasulAllah, there is hardly anyone among us who can claim to have done nothing bad in one's life. Now if every evil deed has to be requited, who can hope to go unscathed from among us? He said, "O Abu Bakr, you and your believing brothers need not worry about it because worldly hardships that you face shall make amends for your sins." As it appears in another narration, he said, "O Abu Bakr, do you not get sick? Are you never tested by distress and sorrow?" Abu Bakr said, "No doubt, all this does happen." Then he said, "There, this is the requital of whatever evil you may have done."</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;">Source: </span><span class="f"><cite>en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr</cite></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-72733482070507534432011-05-08T11:20:00.000-07:002011-05-08T16:20:47.240-07:00Election of Abu Bakr to Caliphate<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"></m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Election of Abu Bakr to Caliphate</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">After Muhammad's death, previously dormant tensions between the Meccan immigrants, the Muhajirun, and the Medinan converts, the Ansar, threatened to break out and split the Ummah. Other Arabic tribes also wished to revert to local leadership and split from Medina's control. In some places, people claiming prophethood started to establish leaderships to oppose Medina, e.g. Al-Aswad Al-Ansi and Musaylimah. All of which are events that lead to splitting the Muslim community. The Ansar, the leaders of the tribes of Medina, met in a hall or house called saqifah, to discuss whom they would support as their new leader.<a name='more'></a> When Abu Bakr was informed of the meeting, he, Umar, Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah and a few others rushed to prevent the Ansar from making a premature decision. Accounts of this meeting vary greatly. All agree that during the meeting Umar declared that Abu Bakr should be the new leader, and declared his allegiance to Abu Bakr, followed by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, and thus Abu Bakr became the first Muslim caliph, who was given the title, <i>Khalifa-tul-Rasool</i> (<i>Successor of messenger of Allah</i>), a title only accepted by Sunni Muslims. Shias criticise Abu Bakr for forsaking the funeral of Muhammad to attend the political gathering, and believe that Muhammad had already appointed Ali in his lifetime as his successor. This view portrays Abu Bakr and Umar as plotters in a political coup against the Alids. The Ismaili Shia Institute researcher Wilfred Madelung portrays Abu Bakr as a political opportunist whose character as the founder of Sunni Islam has been extensively embellished by subsequent kings and emperors (caliphs) making it difficult to openly criticise him. Some sects of Islam like Shia strongly believe that Abu Bakr deceived Ali, keeping Ali from his right as khilafat since he was true successor to Muhammad.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline">Reign as a Caliph</span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">After assuming the office of Caliphate Abu Bakr's first address was as follow:</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">I have been given the authority over you, and I am not the best of you. If I do well, help me; and if I do wrong, set me right. Sincere regard for truth is loyalty and disregard for truth is treachery. The weak amongst you shall be strong with me until I have secured his rights, if God wills; and the strong amongst you shall be weak with me until I have wrested from him the rights of others, if God wills. Obey me so long as I obey God and His Messenger. But if I disobey God and His Messenger, ye owe me no obedience. Arise for your prayer, God have mercy upon you.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr's Caliphate lasted for 27 months, during which he crushed the rebellion of the Arab tribes throughout Arabia in the successful campaign against Apostasy. In the last months of his rule, he launched campaigns against the Sassanid Empire and the Eastern Roman EmpireUmar and Uthman) that in just a few short decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history. He had little time to pay attention to the administration of state, though state affairs remained stable during his Caliphate. On the advice of Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah he agreed to have a salary from state treasury and abolish his cloth trade.</span> (Byzantine Empire) and thus set in motion a historical trajectory (continued later on by </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Ridda-Wars</span></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Troubles emerged soon after Abu Bakr's succession, threatening the unity and stability of the new community and state. Several Arabic tribes revolted against Abu Bakr. In four of the six centres of the insurrection, the rebells rallied around people who claimed to be prophets, the most prominent among these was Musaylimah. The tribes claimed that they had submitted to Muhammad only, and that with Muhammad's death, their allegiance had ended. This was common practice in pre-islamic Arabia. After the death of a tribal leader the alliance with the tribe of that leader was regarded as having ended. Thus several tribes acted in accordance to this pre-islamic practice and refused to pay <i>Zakat</i>. Abu Bakr, however, insisted that they had not just submitted to a simple human leader but joined the Muslim religious community, of which he was the new head. So, in contrast to pre-islamic times, their allegiance was not seen as having ended at all.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">This was the start of the <i>Ridda wars</i> (Arabic for the Wars of Apostasy). The apostasy of central Arabia was led by self-proclaimed prophet Musaylimah of in al-Yamama, while the other centers were to the south and east in Bahrain, Oman, Mahra region and Yemen. Abu Bakr planned his strategy accordingly and formed the Muslim army into 11 corps. The strongest corps, and this was the main punch of the Muslim army, was that of Khalid ibn al-Walid and was used to fight the most powerful of the rebel forces. Other corps were given areas of secondary importance in which to bring the less dangerous apostate tribes. Abu Bakr's plan was first to clear the area of west and central Arabia (the area nearest Medina), then tackle Malik ibn Nuwayrah, and finally concentrate against the most dangerous enemy Musaylimah. After series of successful campaigns, Khalid ibn al-Walid finally defeated Musaylimah and his tribe, the Banu Hanifa, in the Battle of Yamama. The Campaign of the Apostasy was fought and completed during the eleventh year after Hijra. The year 12 Hijri dawned, on 18 March 633, with Arabia united under the central authority of the Caliph at Medina.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">This phenomenon was later regarded as primarily a religious movement by Arabic historians. However, the early sources indicate that in reality it was mainly political. After all, the revolting Arabs only refused to pay Zakat (Charity), but they did not refuse to perform the salah. This however is disputed and explained by Muslim scholars in that the dictation of Zakat was one of the Five pillars of Islam and its denial or withholding is an act of denial of a cornerstone of faith, and is therefore an act of apostasy. Bernard Lewis states that the fact that Islamic Historians have regarded this as a primarily religious movement was due to a later interpretation of events in terms of a theological world-view. The opponents of the Muslim armies were not only apostates, but also - if not most of them - tribes which were largely or even completely independent from the Muslim community. However, these revolts also had a religious aspect: Medina had become the centre of a social and political system, of which religion was an integral part; consequently it was inevitable that any reaction against this system should have a religious aspect.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">The <i>Qur'an</i> — preservation</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">According to Sunni Islam, Abu Bakr was instrumental in preserving the Qur'an in written form. It is said that after the hard-won victory over Musaylimah in the Battle of Yamama fought in 632, Umar (the later <i>Caliph</i> Umar), saw that many of the Muslims who had memorized the <i>Qur'an</i> had died in battle. Fearing that the Qur'an may be lost or corrupted, Umar requested the Caliph Abu Bakr to authorize the compilation and preservation of the Book in written format. After initial hesitation, Abu Bakr made a committee headed by Zayd ibn Thabit which included the memorizers of the Qur'an and Umar and to collect all verses of the Book. After collecting all Qur'anic verses from texts in the possession of various sahaba, Zayd ibn Thabit and members of his committee verified the reading by comparing with those who had memorized the Qur'an. After they were satisfied that they had not missed out any verse or made any mistakes in reading or writing it down, the text was written down as one single manuscript and presented in a book form to the Caliph Abu Bakr. It is believed that this process happened within one year of the death of Muhammad when most of his sahaba (companions) were still alive.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Prior to his death, Abu Bakr gave this authorized copy of the Qur'an to Umar - his successor. It remained with him throughout his tenure as Caliph (10 years). Prior to his death, Umar gave this Book to his daughter Hafsa bint Umar, who was one of the wives of Muhammad. Umar did not nominate his successor on his deathbed, and thus preferred to leave this copy with Hafsa so as not to indicate his personal preference of who would be the next caliph. Later on, it became the basis of Uthman Ibn Affan's definitive text of the <i>Qur'an</i> which was published far and wide merely 18 years after the death of Muhammad. Later historians give Uthman Ibn Affan the principal credit for re-verification and publishing the <i>Qur'an</i>. Shi'as reject the idea that Abu Bakr or Umar were instrumental in the collection or preservation of the <i>Qur'an</i>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Military expansion</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Once the rebellions had been put down, Abu Bakr began a war of conquest. Whether or not he intended a full-out imperial conquest is hard to say; he did, however, set in motion a historical trajectory that in just a few short decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history. Abu Bakr began with Iraq, the richest province of Persian Empire. He sent his most brilliant general Khalid ibn al-Walid to invade the Sassanid Empire.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Invasion of Sassanid Persian Empire</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">After the Ridda Wars, a tribal chief of north eastern Arabia, Muthanna ibn Haris, raided the Persian towns in Iraq. With the success of the raids, a considerable amount of booty was collected. Muthanna ibn Haris went to Medina to inform Caliph Abu Bakr about his success and was appointed commander of his people, after which he began to raid deeper into Iraq. Using the mobility of his light cavalry he could easy raid any town near the desert and within moments could disappear again in to the desert, into which the Sassanid army was unable to chase them. Muthanna’s acts made Abu Bakr think about the expansion of the Rashidun Empire. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr started with the invasion of Iraq. The problems faced by Abu Bakr were that the ArabsAl-Yamama when Abu Bakr sent him orders to invade the Sassanid Empire. Making Al-Hirah the objective of Khalid, Abu Bakr sent reinforcements and ordered the tribal chiefs of north eastern Arabia, Muthanna ibn Haris, Mazhur bin Adi, Harmala and Sulma to operate under the command of Khalid along with their men. In about third week of March 633 (first week of Muharram 12th Hijrah) Khalid set out from Al-Yamama with an army of 10,000. The tribal chiefs, with 2,000 warriors each, joined Khalid; Thus Khalid entered the Persian Empire with 18,000 troops. After entering Iraq with his army of 18,000, Khalid won decisive victories in four consecutive battles: Battle of Chains, fought in April 633; Battle of River, fought in the 3rd week of April 633; Battle of Walaja, fought in May 633 (where he successfully used a double envelopment manoeuvre), and Battle of Ullais, fought in the mid of May 633. By now the Persian court already disturbed by the internal problems, was down and out. In the last week of May 633, Hira capital city of Iraq fell to the Muslims after resistance in the Siege of Hira. After resting his armies, in June 633 Khalid laid siege of Al Anbar, which resisted and was eventually surrendered after a siege of a few weeks in July 633 after the Siege of Al-Anbar. Khalid then moved towards the south, and conquered the city of Ein ul Tamr after the Battle of Ein ut Tamr in the last week of July 633. By now, almost the whole of Iraq (Euphrates region) was under Islamic control. Khalid got a call of help from northern Arabia at Daumat-ul-Jandal, where another Muslim Arab general, Ayaz bin Ghanam, was trapped among the rebel tribes. Khalid went to Daumat-ul-jandal and defeated the rebels in the Battle of Daumat-ul-jandal in the last week of August 633. Returning from Arabia, he got news of the assembling of a large Persian army. He decided to defeat them all separately to avoid the risk of defeat to a large unified Persian army. Four divisions of Persian and Christian Arab auxiliaries were present at Hanafiz, Zumiel, Sanni and Muzieh. Khalid devised a brilliant plan to destroy the Persian forces. He divided his army in three units, and attacked the Persian forces in brilliantly coordinated attacks from three different sides at night, starting from the Battle of Muzieh, then the Battle of Sanni, and finally the Battle of Zumail during November 633. These devastating defeats ended Persian control over Iraq, and left the Persian capital CtesiphonSassanid Persians, Byzantine Romans and Christian Arabs in the Battle of Firaz in December 633. This was the last battle in his conquest of Iraq. While Khalid was on his way to attack Qadissiyah, a key fort in the way to Persian Capital Ctesiphon, he received the letter of Caliph Abu Bakr and was sent to Roman front in Syria to assume the command of Muslim armies to conquer Roman Syria.</span> feared the Persians with a deep, unreasoning fear which ran in the tribal consciousness as a racial complex and was the result of centuries of Persian power and glory. In return the Persian regarded the Arab with contempt. It was important not to suffer a defeat, for that would confirm and strengthen this instinctive fear. To make certain of victory, Abu Bakr decided on two measures; that the invading army would consist entirely of volunteers; and he put in command of the army his best general Khalid ibn al-Walid. After defeating the self-proclaimed prophet Musaylimah in the Battle of Yamama, Khalid was still at unguarded and vulnerable for Muslims attack, before attacking the Persian Capital Khalid decided to eliminate all Persian forces from south and west, he accordingly marched against the border city of Firaz, where he defeated the combined forces of the </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Invasion of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">With a successful invasion of Sassanid Persian province of Iraq, Abu Bakr’s confidence grew. He concentrated four large corps at Zhu Qissah and sent them to Roman Syria. Each corps was assigned its own commander and its own target. The leaders of the different corps received intelligence of a concentration of large Byzantine armies at Ajnadayn while on the march. The army stopped its advance and the leaders wrote to Abu Bakr for help. Since the Moslem position in Iraq was stable by now, the Caliph accordingly wrote to Khalid to take half of his forces of Iraq to Syria and to assume command of all Muslim armies in Byzantine Syria. The Byzantine province of Syria in those days consisted of modern day Syria, Jordan, Israel, the Palestinian territories, Lebanon and southern Turkey. There were two routes towards Syria from Iraq, one was via Daumat-ul-Jandal and the other was through Mesopotamia passing though Ar Raqqah. Since it was believed that the Muslim armies in Syria were in need of urgent reinforcement, Khalid avoided the conventional route to Syria via Daumat ul Jandal because it was a long route and would take weeks to reach Syria. He also did not take the Mesopotamian route because Roman garrisons held northern Syria and northern Mesopotamia. A conflict with these Roman forces would have forced Khalid to spend too much time while Muslim armies were being outflanked in Syria. Khalid selected, instead, a short and unconventional route to Syria, passing though the Syrian Desert. Although probably hyperbole, some sources state that his soldiers marched for two days without a single drop of water before reaching an oasis that Khalid had selected in advance. Khalid thus entered Northern Syria at a point where he was least expected, catching the Byzantine forces on their right flank. More recent historians have suggested that this surprises attack unhinged the Byzantine defenses in Syria.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Khalid entered Syria in June 634 and quickly captured the border forts of</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sawa, Arak, Tadmur, Sukhnah. Qaryatayn and Hawarin after the battles of Qaryatayn and Hawarin. After dealing with all these cities, Khalid moved towards Damascus, passing though a mountain pass which is now known as <b>Sanita-al-Uqab</b> (Uqab pass) after the name of Khalid's army standard. From here he moved away from Damascus, towards Bosra, the capital of Ghassanid Arab kingdom, a vassal of Eastern Roman empire. He had ordered other Muslim commaders to concentrate their armies at Bosra, which were still near the Syrian-Arabia border. At Maraj-al-Rahab, Khalid defeated a Ghassanid army of Christian Arabs in a quick Battle of Marj-al-Rahit. Meanwhile Abu Ubaida ibn al-Jarrah, the supreme commander of Muslim armies in Syria had ordered Shurhabil ibn Hasana to attack Bosra.The later laid siege of Bosra with his small army of 4000 men. Roman and Ghassanid Arab garrison, noticing that this might be the advance guard of the larger Muslim army to come, decided to attack and destroy Shurhabil’s army. They came out of the fortified city and attacked Shurhabil, surrounding him from all sides; Khalid reached the arena with his advance guard cavalry and saved the day for Shurhabil. The combine forces of Khalid, Shurhabil and Abu Ubaidah then laid the siege of Bosra, which surrendered some time in mid July 634. thus effectively ending the Ghassanid Dynasty.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Here Khalid took over the command of Muslim armies in Syria from Abu Ubaidah, as per the instructions of Caliph. The massive Byzantine armies were concentrating at Ajnadayn to push the invading armies back to desert. Early Muslim sources have mentioned its size to be 90,000, while most of the modern historians doubt the figures, but consider this battle to be the key to breaking the Byzantine power in Syria. According to the instructions of Khalid all Muslim corps concentrated at Ajnadayn, where they fought a decisive battle against Byzantine on 30 July 634. Defeat at the Battle of Ajnadayn, left Syria vulnerable to the Muslim invaders. Khalid decided to capture Damascus, the Byzantine stronghold. At Damascus Thomas, son in law of Emperor Heraculis, was in charge. Receiving the intelligence of Khalid's march towards Damascus he prepared for the defences of Damascus. He wrote to Emperor Heraculis for reinforcement, who was at Emesa that time. Moreover Thomas, in order to get more time for preparation of a siege, sent the armies to delay or if possible halt Khalid's march to Damascus, one such army was defeated at Battle of Yaqusa in mid-August 634 near Lake Tiberias 90 miles from Damascus, another army that halted the Muslim advance to Damascus was defeated in Battle of Maraj as Saffer on 19 August 634. These engagements delayed Khalid’s advance and gave Thomas enough time to prepare for siege. Meanwhile Heraculis's reinforcement had reached the city, which he had dispatched after the bad news of Ajnadyn. Before Heraculis's another regiment could reach Damascus, Khalid had finally reached Damascus. Khalid reached Damascus on 20 August and besieged the city. To isolate the city from rest of the region, Khalid placed the detachments south on the road to Palestine and in north at Damascus-Emesa route, and several other smaller detachments on routes towards Damascus. Heraculis's reinforcement was intercepted and routed at the Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab, 20 miles from Damascus. Khalid's forces withstood three Roman sallies that tried to break the siege. Khalid finally attacked and conquered Damascus on 18 September 634 after a 30-day siege. According to some sources the siege lasted for four or six months. Heraculis, having received the news of the fall of Damascus, left for Antioch from Emesa. The citizens were given peace on the terms of annual tribute; the Byzantine army was given a three-day peace to go as far as they could. After the three-day deadline was over, the Muslim cavalry under Khalid's command attacked the Roman army, catching up to them using an unknown shortcut, at the Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj, 190 miles north of Damascus. Abu Bakr died during the siege of Damascus and Umar became the new Caliph. He dismissed his cousin Khalid ibn al-Walid from the command and appointed Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah the new commander in chief of Islamic army in Syria. Abu Ubaidah got the letter of his appointment and Khalid's disposal during the siege, but he delayed the announcement until the city was conquered.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;">Source: </span><span class="f"><cite>en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr</cite></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-14901989633435500142011-05-08T03:39:00.000-07:002011-05-08T16:21:07.117-07:00Abu Bakr As-Siddiq after Death of Muhammad SAW<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Abu Bakr As-Siddiq after Death of Muhammad SAW</b>. A short time after returning from the farewell pilgrimage, Muhammad became ill. In his fatal illness, Muhammad came out with a piece of cloth tied around his head and sat on the pulpit. After thanking and praising Allah he said,ﺇ ﻥ ﺍ ﷲ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻋﺒﺪﺍ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪ ﻧﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻩ ﻓﺎ ﺧﺘﺎ ﺭ ﺫ ﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﷲ "Allah has given one of His Slaves the choice of receiving the splendor and luxury of the worldly life whatever he likes or to accept the good which is with Allah. So he has chosen that good which is with Allah."<a name='more'></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr wept profusely and said, "Our fathers and mothers be sacrificed for you." The companions were astonished by this (they wondered why Abu Bakr wept), and the people said, "Look at this old man! Allah's Apostle talks about a Slave of Allah to whom He has given the option to choose either the splendor of this worldly life or the good which is with Him, while he says "our fathers and mothers be sacrificed for you". It turned out Muhammad himself was that servant, as Abu Bakr later told the companions.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Muhammad continued:</span></b></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">No doubt, I am indebted to Abu Bakr more than to anybody else regarding both his companionship and his wealth. And if I had to take a Khalil from my followers, I would certainly have taken Abu Bakr, but the fraternity of Islam is sufficient. Let no Door of the Mosque remain open, except the door of Abu Bakr.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">The good referred in the first part means the good in the hereafter. Khalil means intimate friend. The door referred to here is the door to the mosque of Muhammad. When the fever developed he directed Abu Bakr to go to the war following Usama who was 18. When Muhammad died Muslims gathered in Al-Masjid al-Nabawi and there were suppressed sobs and sighs. Abu Bakr came from his house at As-Sunh (a village) on a horse where he had been with his new wife. He dismounted and entered the Prophet's Mosque, but did not speak to anyone until he entered upon 'Aa'isha. He went straight to Muhammad who was covered with Hibra cloth (a kind of Yemenite cloth). He then uncovered Muhammad's face and bowed over him and kissed him and wept, saying, "Let my father and mother be sacrificed for you. By Allah, Allah will never cause you to die twice. As for the death which was written for you, has come upon you." 'Umar was making a sermon to the people saying, "By Allah, he is not dead but has gone to his Lord as Musa ibn Imran went and remained hidden from his people for forty days. Musa returned after it was said that he had died. By Allah, the Messenger of Allah will come back and he will cut off the hands and legs of those who claim his death." </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr arrived and said, "Sit down, O 'Umar!" But 'Umar refused to sit down. So the people came to Abu Bakr and left Umar. Abu Bakr said, "To proceed, if anyone amongst you used to worship Muhammad, then Muhammad has passed away, but if (anyone of) you used to worship Allah, then Allah is Alive and shall never die. Allah said, "And Muhammad is but a messenger; the messengers have come before him; if then he dies or is killed will you turn back upon your heels? And whoever turns back upon his heels, he will by no means do harm to Allah in the least and Allah will reward the grateful." (3.144)</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">'Umar said, "By Allah, when I heard Abu Bakr reciting it, my legs could not support me and I fell down at the very moment of hearing him reciting it, declaring that the Prophet had passed away." </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;">Source: </span><span class="f"><cite>en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr</cite></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-19633828308759420042011-05-08T03:35:00.000-07:002011-05-08T16:21:14.885-07:00Abu Bakr As-Siddiq Life in Medina<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Abu Bakr As-Siddiq Life in Medina</b>. In Medina, Muhammad decided to construct a mosque. A piece of land was chosen and the price of the land was paid for by Abu Bakr. Muslims constructed a mosque named Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at the site and Abu Bakr also took part in construction. Abu Bakr was paired with Khaarij ah bin Zaid Ansari (who was from Medina) as a brother in faith. Abu Bakr's relationship with Khaarjah was most cordial, which was further strengthened when Abu Bakr married Habiba, a daughter of Khaarijah.<a name='more'></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Khaarij ah bin Zaid Ansari used to live at Sukh, a suburb of Medina, and Abu Bakr also settled there. After Abu Bakr's family arrived in Medina he bought another house near Muhammad's. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">The climate of Mecca was dry, but the climate of Medina was damp and this adversely affected the health of the immigrants, so that on arrival most of them fell sick. Abu Bakr also suffered from fever for several days and during this time he was attended to by Khaarijah and his family. At Mecca, Abu Bakr was a trader in cloth and he started the same business in Medina. He was a wholesaler, and had his store at Sukh, and from there cloth was supplied to the market at Medina. Soon his business flourished at Medina. Early in 623, Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha, who was already engaged to Muhammad, was handed over to Muhammad in a simple marriage ceremony, and this further strengthen the relation between Abu Bakr and Muhammad.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 624 Abu Bakr was involved in the first battle between the Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca, known as the Battle of Badr, but did not fight, instead acting as one of the guards of Muhammad's tent. In 625 he participated in the Battle of Uhud which ended in a rout by the majority of the Muslims. Before the battle begun, Abu Bakr's son Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr, who was still non-Muslim and was fighting from the side of the Quraysh, came forward and threw down a challenge for a duel. Abu Bakr accepted the challenge but was stopped by Muhammad. His son later converted to Islam and gained fame during the Muslim conquest of Syria as a fierce warrior. In the second phase of the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid’s cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a Muslim victory to defeat. Many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield but in Sunni accounts Abu Bakr remained, guarding Muhammad from the attacks of the Quraysh soldiers, while Shia and many Sunni accounts dispute this. Shia criticisms of his lack-lustre military achievements in comparison with the genuinely accomplised Ali should be put into context: Abu Bakr was a middle aged man during these battles, was not a soldier but a merchant by trade, and had never seen battle before - it may thus be unfair to directly compare him with Ali in this regard. In Sunni accounts during one such attack, two discs from Abu Bakr's shield penetrated into Muhammad's cheeks. Abu Bakr went forward with the intention of extracting these discs but Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah requested he leave the matter to him, losing his two incisors during the process. In these stories subsequently Abu Bakr, along with other companions, led Muhammad to a place of safety. Later in the year Abu Bakr was a part of campaign again the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 627 he participated in the Battle of the Trench and also in the Battle of Banu Qurayza. In 628 he participated in Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and was made one of the witnesses over the pact. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 628 he was a part of the Muslim campaign to Khaybar. In 629 Muhammad sent 'Amr ibn al-'As to Zaat-ul-Sallasal from where he called for reinforcements and Muhammad sent Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah. Commanding an army under him were Abu Bakr and Umar and they attacked and defeated the enemy. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 630 when Muslim armies rushed for the Conquest of Mecca, Abu Bakr was a part of the army. Before the conquest of Mecca his father Uthman Abu Qahafa converted to Islam. In 630 he was part of Battle of Hunayn and Siege of Ta'if. He was part of the Muslim army in the campaign of Tabuk under Muhammad's command and he was reported to have given all his wealth for the preparation of this expedition.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 631, Muhammad sent a delegation of three hundred Muslims from Medina to perform the <i>Hajj</i></span> according to the new Islamic way. Abu Bakr was appointed as the leader of the delegates in some Sunni accounts. If this version is correct Abu Bakr had thus the honor of being the first Amir-ul-Haj in the history of Islam. In 632 Abu Bakr followed Muhammad to Mecca for the farewell Hajj.</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: right;">Source: <span class="f"><cite>en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr</cite></span> </div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-7807208970242968232011-05-08T03:31:00.000-07:002011-05-08T16:21:36.204-07:00Hijra (Migrations) of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq<h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></h2><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline">Migrations to Abyssinia, 615</span></span></h2><div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Being the first man to go over to Islam, Abu Bakr had brought upon himself the special anger and hatred of the Meccan chiefs. Soon he felt hard pressed and asked permission of the Holy Prophet to go to Abyssinia. The permission was granted and Abu Bakr set off on his journey. However, on the way he met Ibn-ud-Daghinna, the chief of Qara. Under Ibn-ud-Daghinna's protection, he soon came back to Makkah.<a name='more'></a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline">Wager with Quraysh</span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">During the Roman-Persian Wars, the sympathies of the Quraysh of Mecca was with the Persians who were Zoroastrian. The Muslims on the other hand had their sympathies for the Byzantines who were Christians and were People of the Book with a belief in the Abrahamic God.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Persians inflicted a humiliating defeat over Byzantine Romans capturing the Holy Cross of the Romans and later even went to lay siege to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine empire (Siege of Constantinople (626)). Verses of the Qur'an were revealed <i>Surah rum</i> with the prophecy that Byzantine (Romans) will regain what they lost and the Persians will be defeated within few years.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Surah Ar-Rum (verses 1 to 7) of the Quran "(1)The Roman Empire has been defeated― (2) In a land close by; but they, (even) after (this) defeat of theirs, will soon be victorious (3) Within a few years. With Allah is the Decision, in the Past and in the Future: on that Day shall the Believers rejoice― (4) With the help of Allah. He helps whom He will, and He is Exalted in Might, Most Merciful. (5) (It is) the promise of Allah. Never does Allah depart from His promise: but most men understand not. (6) They know but the outer (things) in the life of this world: but of the End of things they are heedless. (7) Do they not reflect in their own minds? Not but for just ends and for a term appointed, did Allah create the heavens and the earth, and all between them: yet are there truly many among men who deny the meeting with their Lord (at the Resurrection)! "</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Over this Abu Bakr had a wager with Ubaiy bin Khalf, it was decided that one who lost the wager will pay one hundred camels. With a decisive Byzantine (roman)) victory in 627 against the Persians, Abu Bakr won the wager. Although Ubaiy bin Khalf was not alive his heirs honored the agreement and gave Abu Bakr one hundred camels. Abu Bakr gave away all the camels as charity.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline">Last years in Mecca</span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 617, the Quraysh enforced a boycott against the Banu Hashim. Muhammad along with his supporters from Banu Hashim, were shut up in a pass away from Mecca. All social relations with the Banu Hashim were cut off and their state was that of imprisonment. Before it many Muslims migrated to Abyssinia (now Ethiopia). Abu Bakr, feeling distressed, set out for Yemen and then to Abyssinia from there. He met a friend of his named Ad-Dughna (chief of the Qarah tribe) outside Mecca, who invited Abu Bakr to seek his protection against the Quraysh. Abu Bakr went back to Mecca, it was a relief for him, but soon due to the pressure of Quraysh, Ad-Dughna was forced to renounce his protection. Once again the Quraysh were free to persecute Abu Bakr.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 620 Muhammad's wife and uncle died. Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha was engaged to Muhammad, however it was decided that the actual marriage ceremony would be held later. In 620 Abu Bakr was the first person to testify to Muhammad's Isra and Mi'raj (night Journey).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h2 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline">Migration to Medina</span></span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 622, on the invitation of the Muslims of Medina, Muhammad ordered Muslims to migrate to Medina. The migration began in batches. Ali was the last to remain in Mecca, entrusted with responsibility for settling any loans the Muslims had taken, and famously slept in the bed of Muhammad when the Quraysh led by Ikrima attempted to murder Muhammad as he slept. Meanwhile Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad in his migration for Medina. Due to the danger of the Quraysh, they did not take the road to Medina. They moved in the opposite direction, and took refuge in a cave in Jabal Thawr some five miles south of Mecca. `Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, would listen to the plans and talks of the Quraysh, and at night he would carry the news to the fugitives in the cave. Asma bint Abi Bakr, the daughter of Abu Bakr, brought them meals every day. Aamir, a servant of Abu Bakr, would bring a flock of goats to the mouth of the cave every night where they were milked. The Quraysh sent search parties in all directions. One party came close to the entrance to the cave, but was unable to sight them. Due to this the following verse of the Qur'an was revealed:</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">If ye help not (your Leader) (it is no matter): for Allah did indeed help him; when the unbelievers drove him out: he had no more than one companion: they two were in the cave, and he said to his companion "Have no Fear, for Allah is with us": then Allah sent down His peace upon him, and strengthened him with forces which ye saw not, and humbled to the depths the word of the Unbelievers. But the word of Allah is exalted to the heights: for Allah is Exalted in might, Wise. (Qur'an 9:40)</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">'Aa'ishah, Abu Sa`eed al-Khudri and ibn 'Abbaas in interpreting this verse said</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr was the one who stayed with the Prophet in that cave</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is narrated from al-Barra' ibn 'Azib, he said,</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Once Abu Bakr bought a ride from 'Azib for 10 Dirham, then Abu Bakr said to 'Azib, "Tell your son the Barra to deliver that beast." Then 'Azib said, "No, until you tell us about your journey with the Messenger of Allah when he went out of Makkah while the Mushrikeen were busy looking for you." Abu Bakr said, "We set out from Makkah, walking day and night, until it came the time of Zuhr, so I was looking for a place so that we can rest under it, it came to be that I saw a big rock, so I came to it and there was the place, so I spread a matress for the Prophet, then I said to him, " Rest O' Prophet of Allah." So he rested, while I surveyed the area around me, are there people looking for us coming here to spy... Suddenly I saw there was a shepherd herding his sheep to the direction of the place under the rock wanting to shade himself like us, so I asked, "Who is your master O' slave?" He answered, "Slave of the fulan, someone of the Quraish." He mentioned the name of his master and I knew him, then I asked, "Does your sheep have milk?" He answered, "Yes!" So he took one of the sheep, after that I ordered him to clean the breasts of the sheep first from dirt and dust, then I ordered him to blow his hand from dust, so he pat his two hands and he started milking, while I prepared a vessel with its mouth wrapped with cloth to contain the milk, so I poured the milk that was milked to the vessel and I waited until the bottom was cold, then I brought to the Prophet and it was that he had waken up, instantly I told him, "Drink O' Messenger of Allah." So he started to drink until I saw that he was full, then I told him, "Are we not going to continue walking O' Messenger of Allah?" He answered, "Yes!" At last we continued the journey while the mushrikeen kept looking for us, not that could pursue us except Suraqah ibn Malik ibn Ju'sham who rode his horse, so I said to the Messenger of Allah, "This man has succeeded in pursuing us O' Messenger of Allah," but he answered, "ﻻ ﺗﺤﺰ ﻥ ﺇ ﻥ ﺍﷲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ" (Do not worry, verily Allah is with us).</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is narrated from Anas from Abu Bakr he said,</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">I said to the Prophet when were in the cave, "If only they had looked under their feet we would assuredly be seen" The Messenger answered, "ﻣﺎ ﻇﻨﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺃ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﷲ ﺛﺎ ﻟﺘﻬﻤﺎ" (What do you think O' Abu Bakr about two people if Allah is the third, meaning God was with them.) </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">After staying at the cave for three days and three nights, Abu Bakr and Muhammad proceed to Medina, staying for some time at Quba, a suburb of Medina. While Sunni sources portray Abu bakr in an exalted light in the cave, Shia sources however generally tend to portray the incident in the cave as a Quranic condemndation of Abu Bakr for cowardice and fear.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: small;">Source: </span><span class="f"><cite>en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr</cite></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1639209048290119807.post-1917464550267807922011-05-08T03:20:00.000-07:002011-05-08T16:21:52.797-07:00Abu Bakr As-Siddiq Biography<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Abu Bakr As-Siddiq (Abdullah ibn Abi Qahafa)</b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (Arabic: </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">عبد الله بن أبي قحافة</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">; Transliteration: </span><i style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">'Abdullāh bin Abī Quhāfah</i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">, c. 573 CE unknown exact date 634/13 AH) was a senior companion (</span><i style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sahabah</i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">) and the father-in-law of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632-634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death. As Caliph, Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by the Prophet, since the religious function and authority of prophethood ended with Muhammad's death according to Islam. He was called </span><i style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Al-Siddiq</i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> (The Truthful) and was known by that title among later generations of Muslims.</span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr's full name is 'Abd Allah ibn 'Uthman ibn Aamir ibn Amr ibn Ka'ab ibn Sa'ad ibn Tamim ibn Murrah ibn Ka'ab ibn Lu'ai ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr al-Quraishi at-Tamimi. In Arabic, the name 'Abd Allah' means (servant of God). Although he is most known by his title 'Abu Bakr', he has many other titles. One of his titles was 'atiqe' (the saved one) and he was known by this title before Islam. Muhammad confirmed this title later when he said that Abu Bakr is the 'atiqe' (the one saved from hell fire by God). He was called 'Al-Siddiq' (the truthful') by the Prophet after he believed him in the event of Isra and Mi'raj when other people didn't, and Ali confirmed that title several times. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">He was mentioned in the Quran as the "second of the two who lay in the cave" in reference to the event of hijra, with the Prophet Muhammad where they hid in the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan search party that was sent after them, thus being one of few who were given direct reference to in the Quran. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Imam Jafar al Sadiq famously narrated how the title <i>Siddiq</i> was given to Abu Bakr from Muhammad. He was also a direct descendant of Abu Bakr from his maternal side, as well as being a paternal descendant of Ali from his father's side. Jafar al-Sadiq was also the successor of the Naqshbandi Sufi order originating from Abu Bakr himself. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Imam Muhammad al Baqir, the father of Imam Jafar Sadiq also called Abu Bakr with the title Siddiq.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">As a young man, Abu Bakr became a cloth merchant and he traveled extensively in Arabia and neighboring lands in the Middle East, through which he gained both wealth and experience. He eventually came to be recognized as the chief of his clan. On his return from a business trip to Yemen, he was informed that in his absence Muhammad had openly declared his prophethood. Not long after, Abu Bakr accepted Islam and was the first person outside the family of Muhammad to openly become a Muslim. He was instrumental in the conversion of many people to the Islamic faith and early in 623, Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha was married to Muhammad, strengthening the ties between the two men. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr served as a trusted advisor and close friend to the Prophet. During the lifetime of Muhammad, he was involved in several campaigns such as the Battle of Uhud, the Battle of the Trench, the Invasion of Banu Qurayza, Battle of Khaybar, the Conquest of Mecca, the Battle of Hunayn, the Siege of Ta'if, and the Battle of Tabuk where he was reported to have given all of his wealth for the preparation of this expedition. He also participated in the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and was made one of the witnesses over the pact. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 631, three months after completing his Farewell Pilgrimage to Mecca, the Prophet became fatally ill. After his death Abu Bakr became the first Muslim Caliph. During his rule, he defeated the rebellion of several Arab tribes in a successful campaign, unifying the entire Arabian peninsula and giving it stability. This enabled him to launch successful campaigns against the Sassanid Empire (Persian Empire) and the East Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) who were threatening Arabia's borders. Prior to dispatching his army to Syria against the Romans he gave them the following commands which established the conduct of war for later Muslim generations:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Stop, O people, that I may give you ten rules for your guidance in the battlefield. Do not commit treachery or deviate from the right path. You must not kill a young woman. Bring no harm to the trees which are fruitful. Slay not any of the enemy's flock, save it for your food. You are likely to pass by people who have devoted their lives to monastic services; leave them alone. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr's Caliphate lasted for a little over two years (or 27 months), ending with his death after an illness. Though the period of his caliphate was not long it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time, a remarkable achievement in its own right. He set in motion a historical trajectory that in few decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Early life</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr was born in Mecca some time in 573 CE, to a rich family in the Banu Tamim branch of the Quraysh tribe. Abu Bakr's father's name was Uthman Abu Qahafa (nicknamed <i>Abu Quhafa</i>) and his mother was Salma Umm-ul-Khair (nicknamed <i>Umm-ul-Khair</i>). Abu Bakr was a thin man with white skin. Tabari relates (Suyuti also relates the same through Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi's report) from Aisha her description of Abu Bakr:</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">He was a man with fair skin, thin, emaciated, with a sparse beard, a slightly hunched frame, sunken eyes and protruding forehead, and the bases of his fingers were hairless. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">He spent his early childhood like other Arab children of the time among the Bedouins who called themselves <i>Ahl-i-Ba'eer</i>- the people of the camel, and developed a particular fondness for camels. In his early years he played with the camel foals and goats, and his love for camels earned him the nickname "<i>Abu Bakr</i>", the father of the foal of the camel. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">When Abu Bakr was 10 years old, he went to Syria along with his father with the merchants' caravan. Muhammad, who was 12 years old at the time, was also with the caravan. In 591 at the age of 18, Abu Bakr went into trade and adopted the profession of cloth merchant, which was the family's business. In the coming years Abu Bakr traveled extensively with caravans. Business trips took him to Yemen, Syria, and elsewhere. These travels brought him wealth and added to his experience. His business flourished and he rose in the scale of social importance. Though his father, Uthman Abu Quhafa, was still alive, he came to be recognized as chief of his tribe. Abu Bakr was assigned the office of awarding blood money in cases of murder. His office was something like the office of an honorary magistrate. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Like other children of the rich Meccan merchant families, Abu Bakr was literate and developed a fondness for poetry. He used to attend the annual fair at Ukaz, and participate in poetical symposia. He had a very good memory and had a good knowledge of the genealogy of the Arab tribes, their stories and their politics.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Acceptance of Islam</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">On his return from a business trip from Yemen, he was informed by friends that in his absence Muhammad had declared himself the Messenger of God, and proclaimed a new religion. Abu Bakr was the first <i>baligh</i> (post-puberty) free male to accept Muhammad's prophethood (though Shias maintain Abu Talib and other adult members of Muhammad's immediate blood family were, i.e. the Hashemites). Scholars, as well as other Sunnis and all Shi'a Muslims maintain that the second person (and first male) to publicly accept Muhammed as the messenger of Allah was Ali ibn Abi Talib, though to Shias Ali always knew of Muhammad's status through pre-knowledge. However, 'Ali was still a pre-pubescent child when he accepted Islam, and therefore may have been excluded from the duties of a Muslim. Also Abu Bakr was the first person outside the family of Muhammad to openly become a Muslim.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Life after accepting Islam</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">His wife Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza did not accept Islam and he divorced her. His other wife, Um Ruman, became a Muslim. All his children except Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr accepted Islam, and Abu Bakr separated from his son Abdu'l-Rahman.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">His conversion brought the most benefit to Islam. Abu Bakr's brought many people to Islam. He persuaded his intimate friends to convert to Islam. and presented Islam to others in such a way that many of his friends accepted Islam.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Those who converted to Islam at the instance of Abu Bakr were: </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Uthman Ibn Affan (who would became the 3rd Caliph)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Al-Zubayr (played a part in the Muslim conquest of Egypt)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Talha Ibn Ubayd-Allah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abdur Rahman bin Awf (who would remain an important part of the Rashidun Caliphate)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas (played a part in the Islamic conquest of Persia)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umar ibn Masoan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah (who remained commander in chief of the Rashidun army in Syria )</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abdullah bin Abdul Asad</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Salama</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Khalid ibn Sa`id</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Hudhaifah ibn al-Mughirah</span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr's acceptance proved to be a milestone in Muhammad's mission. Slavery was common in Mecca, and many slaves accepted Islam. When an ordinary free man accepted Islam, despite opposition, he would enjoy the protection of his tribe. For slaves however, there was no such protection and they commonly experienced persecution. Abu Bakr felt compassion for slaves, so he purchased eight slaves(four men and four women) and then freed them, paying 40,000 dinar for their freedom. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">The men were</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bilal ibn Ribah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Fakih</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ammar ibn Yasir</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Fuhayra</span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">The women were:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ul style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lubaynah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Al-Nahdiah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Umm Ubays</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Harithah bint al-Muammil</span></li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Most of the slaves liberated by Abu Bakr were either women or old and frail men. The father of Abu Bakr asked him to for why doesn't he liberate strong and young slaves who could be a source of strength for him, Abu Bakr replied that he was freeing the slaves for the sake of Allah, and not for his own sake. According to Sunni tradition the following verses of the Qur'an were revealed due to this: </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">He who gives in charity and fears Allah And in all sincerity testifies to the Truth; We shall indeed make smooth for him the path of Bliss {92:5-7}.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Those who spend their wealth for increase in self-purification; And have in their minds no favor from any one For which a reward is expected in return, But only the desire to seek the Countenance, Of their Lord, Most High; And soon they shall attain complete satisfaction {92:8-21}.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Shias maintain these verses were revealed about Ali.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Persecution by the Quraysh, 613</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">For three years after the advent of Islam, Muslims kept secret their faith, and prayed in secret. In 613 Muhammad decided to call people to Islam openly. The first public address inviting people to offer allegiance to Muhammad was delivered by Abu Bakr. In a fit of fury the young men of the Quraysh tribe rushed at Abu Bakr, and beat him mercilessly till he lost consciousness. Following this incident Abu Bakr's mother converted to Islam. Abu Bakr was persecuted many times by the Quraysh. Abu Bakr's beliefs would have been defended by his own clan, but not by the entire Quraysh tribe.</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Death</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">On 23 August 634, Abu Bakr fell sick and did not recover due to his old age. There are two accounts about the sickness of Abu Bakr. One account states that 8 August 634 was a cold day and when Abu Bakr took a bath, he caught a chill. Another account indicates that, about a year before, along with some other companions, Harith bin Kaladah and Attab bin Usaid, he had eaten some poisoned food which did not affect him for a year.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr developed high fever and was confined to bed. His illness was prolonged and when his condition worsened he felt that his end was near. Realizing his death was near, he sent for Ali and requested him to perform his ghusl since Ali had also done it for the Prophet Muhammad.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr felt that he should nominate his successor so that the issue should not be a cause of dissension among the Muslims after his death, though there was already controversy over Ali not having been appointed. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">He appointed Umar as his successor after discussing with some companions. Some of them favored the nomination and others disliked it, due to the tough nature of Umar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr thus dictated his last testament to Uthman Ibn Affan as follows:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">In the name of Most Merciful God. This is the last will and testament of Abu Bakr bin Abu Qahafa, when he is in the last hour of the world, and the first of the next; an hour in which the infidel must believe, the wicked be convinced of their evil ways, I nominate Umar bin al Khattab as my successor. Therefore, hear to him and obey him. If he acts right, confirm his actions. My intentions are good, but I cannot see the future results. However, those who do ill shall render themselves liable to severe account hereafter. Fare you well. May you be ever attended by the Divine favor of blessing.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Abu Bakr next asked Aisha as to how many pieces of cloth were used for Muhammad's shroud. Aisha said that three pieces had been used. Abu Bakr thereupon desired the same number for his own shroud. On Monday 23 August 634 Abu Bakr died. The funeral prayer was led by Umar. He was buried the same night by the side of Muhammad's grave in Aisha's house near Al-Masjid al-Nabawi</span></div><h3 style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black;">Family</span></span><span style="color: black;"></span></span></h3><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Father: Uthman ibn Amir Abu Qahafa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mother: Umm al-Khair Salma bint Shakhr ibn Amir ibn Ka'ab ibn Sa'ad ibn Taim </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brother: Mu'taq (presumably the middle)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brother: Utaiq (presumably the youngest) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brother: Quhafah ibn Uthman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Himself</b>: Atiq (presumably the eldest)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wife: Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza ibn 'Abd ibn As'ad (divorced) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Daughter: Aisha Siddiqua and Asma bint Abu Bakr </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Grandson Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr - <i>His birth spread happiness amongs muslims, killed by Hajjaj bin Yousef.</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Grandson Urwa ibn al-Zubayr </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Great grandson Hisham ibn Urwa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Son: 'Abd Allaah ibn Abi Bakr</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wife: Um Ruman bint Amir ibn Uwaymir ibn Zuhal ibn Dahman (from Kinanah) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Step son: Tufail ibn Abdullah, The son of Abd-Allah ibn Harith</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Son: Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Daughter: 'Aa'ishah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Son in law: Muhammad, tree</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wife: Asma' bint Umays ibn Ma'ad ibn Taym al-Khath'amiyyah (previously wife of Jafar ibn Abi Talib and after Abu Bakr's death, became the wife of Ali ibn Abi Talib) </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Son: Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wife: Habibah bint Kharijah ibn Zayd ibn Abi Zuhayr (from the tribe of Banu al-Haris ibn al-Khazraj </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Daughter: Umm Khultum bint Abu Bakr. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Today there are many families which are the descendants of Abu Bakr. Most of them are known by the name Al-Siddiqi And Al-Atiqi's Or Al-Atiqi (Al-Ateeqi) ((In Arabic)). But they are also known by some other names in different localities. For example, In East Ethiopia, Siddiqis are usually called Qallu, which means </span><i style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">people of the religion</i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">, as they were the first to bring Islam to this area. In Somalia, they are commonly known as Sheekhaal and they are well respected by other Somali clans. In Bangladesh, they are known by the name of Qureshi. There are also Al-Atiqi or Atiqi Families in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria,Yemen, Iraq and other places in the Arabia Peninsula. All the descendants of Abu Bakr, their Ancestors are: Abdurahman Ibn Abu Bakr and Muhammad Ibn Abu Bakr. The Al-Bakri Family in Egypt are the descendants of Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr while the sheekhaal or Fiqi Umar Family found in Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya and the Aala Atiq Families found in the Arabia Peninsula are the descendants of Abdurahman Ibn Abu Bakr</span></span>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: right;"><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Source: </span><span class="f"><cite>en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr</cite></span></div>PICK FLOWERShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13905979086882702197noreply@blogger.com0